Generation of processors intel pentium g. Again about i5: an overview of the line of Intel Core i5 processors with Ivy Bridge microarchitecture. Estimated line level performance
This article will be discussed in detail. last generations intel processors based on Core architecture. This company occupies a leading position in the computer systems market. Most modern computers are assembled on the chips of this particular company.
Intel: development strategy
Previous generations of Intel processors have been subject to a two-year cycle. Such a strategy for the release of new processors of this company was called “Tick-Tak”. The first step, called “tick”, is to transfer the processor to a new process. So, for example, the Geneve Bridge (2nd generation) and Sandy Bridge (3rd generation) generations were identical in terms of architecture. However, the production technology of the former was based on the norm of 22 nm, and the latter - 32 nm. The same can be said about Broad Well (5th generation) and Has Well (4th generation). Stage “in turn” implies a fundamental change in the architecture of semiconductor crystals and a significant increase in productivity. The following transitions can be cited as an example:
The processor of a computer is its brain, the component where most of the “thinking” takes place. When you buy a laptop, you usually see that the processor name is indicated in each product description. How much do you really need speed? Despite the fact that most of the chips come from the same company, there are more than two dozen different models that you can see in the new laptop. Fortunately, learning the basics is not too difficult.
When you look at data sheets, the processor name has a confused number of numbers and letters. A line is extremely important because it tells you roughly how much energy this processor needs. Ryzen for laptops should start in the second half.
- 1st generation West merre and 2nd generation Sandy Bridge. In this case, the technological process was identical (32 nm), but the architecture underwent significant changes. The north bridge has been transferred to the central processor motherboard and built-in graphic amplifier;
- 4th generation Has Well and 3rd generation Ivy Bridge. The energy consumption level of the computer system was optimized, as well as the clock frequencies of the chips were increased.
The most important characteristics are. A higher number is better, but this is far from the only factor in processor speed. Unfortunately, not every processor line was moved to the new architecture at the same time. This size of the manufacturing process is measured in nanometers and lower is always better.
Processor lines
Good for: engineering, research, and professional animation. Bad: Battery life, availability, weight. Do not expect excellent battery life or low prices. Best for: gamers, creative professionals, experienced users. Bad for: portability, affordability, battery life.
- The 6th generation of Sky Like and the 5th generation of Broad Well: clock speeds were also increased and the level of energy consumption was improved. Several new instructions have been added to improve performance.
Core architecture processors: segmentation
Intel CPUs are marketed as follows:
- Celeron– the most affordable solutions. Suitable for use in office computers designed to solve the most simple tasks.
Good for: Performance, content consumption, battery life. Bad for: games, professional animation. Good for: portability, fanless design, lightweight performance. Bad: Battery life, a serious number of crunches.
Good for: Web surfing, Saving money. Bad for: games, serious performance, video editing. These budget processors provide performance that is good enough for web surfing, email, and lightweight performance.
Time battery life depends heavily on battery capacity, but systems with 4 and 6-watt chips tend to be cheaper and more durable. Good for: Saving money, long battery life, light weight. Bad for: multitasking, serious performance.
- Pentium - almost completely identical to Celeron processors in architectural terms. However, higher frequencies and an increased third-level cache give these processor solutions a certain advantage in terms of performance. This CPU belongs to the entry-level gaming PC segment.
- Corei3 - occupy the middle segment of the CPU from Intel. The two previous types of processors, as a rule, have two computing units. The same can be said about Corei3. However, for the first two families of chips there is no support for HyperTrading technology. Corei3 processors have one. Thus, at the software level, two physical modules can be converted into four program processing threads. This allows you to provide a significant increase in performance. Based on such products, you can build your own mid-level gaming personal computer, an entry-level server, or even a graphics station.
Notepad and Immortal Intel Atom
For processors of the 7th generation, the number of which starts with processors of the 6th and 6th generation, starts with 5. Not so long ago, processors were evaluated mainly using the clock frequency, measured by the number of calculations that the chip is able to perform in second space. In combination with software designed to use multiple cores, such processors can be exciting, making it faster to work faster than ever before. Understanding the processors.
It could also run more powerful 16-bit tasks, but most software products at that time were designed for eight-bit processors, so supporting 16-bit data was less important than multi-tasking. However, the processor ultimately failed due to some serious design flaws. The processor was also quite hungry and could not work well without extremely high bandwidth. It also supported virtual mode processing, which increased support for multiple tasks.
- Corei5 - occupy a niche of solutions above the average level, but below the premium segment. These semiconductor crystals can boast of having four physical nuclei at once. This architectural feature provides them with an advantage in terms of performance. The more recent generation of Corei5 processors has high clock speeds, which allows you to constantly get a performance boost.
Its most significant drawback was that processor performance was entirely based on the compiler to place instructions in the order in which they should be executed when the software was first created.
By moving this hardware to the host processor, the latency between them has dropped dramatically. It implemented a significantly redesigned internal architecture that decoded instructions in micro-operations, which were then executed on universal actuators. He also used a significantly expanded 14-stage pipeline due to additional decoding equipment. The processor cache system has also been redesigned.
- Corei7 - occupy a niche in the premium segment. They have the same number of processing units as in Corei5. However, they, like Corei3, also have support for HyperTrading technology. For this reason, four cores at the program level are converted into eight processed threads. It is this feature that allows us to provide a phenomenal level of performance that any personal computer built on the basis of Intel Corei7. These chips have an appropriate cost.
The underlying architecture included other significant changes, as several parts of the 14-story pipeline were merged together, reducing it to 10 stages. But since it was able to run at the processor frequency, performance was still improving. Pipeline stages often perform several tasks, but sometimes they are dedicated to single functions. By adding new equipment or breaking one stage into several stages, the execution pipeline can be expanded.
The processor conveyor can also be reduced by removing hardware or by combining components in several steps in one step. Longer pipelines usually require more bandwidth, but if the pipeline is properly maintained with data, then each step in the pipeline remains busy. Processors with longer pipelines can typically run at higher clock speeds.
CPU Sockets
Generations of Intel Core processors can be installed in various types of sockets. For this reason, it will not be possible to install the first chips based on this architecture in the 6th generation CPU motherboard. And the chip codenamed SkyLike cannot be installed on the motherboard for the second and first generation processors. The first processor socket is called Socket N or LGA 1156. The number 1156 here indicates the number of contacts. This connector was released in 2009 for the first central processing unitsmade according to the norms of the technological process 45 nm and 32 nm. To date, this socket is already considered morally and physically obsolete. The LGA 1156 was replaced in 2010 by the LGA 1155 or Socket H1. Motherboards of this series support the second and third generation Core chips. Their code names are Sandy Bridge and Ivy Bridge, respectively. 2013 was marked by the release of the third chip socket, created on the basis of the Core architecture - LGA 1150 or Socket H2. In this processor socket, it was possible to install a fourth and fifth generation processor. In 2015, the LGA 1150 socket was replaced by the current LGA 1151 socket.
The compromise is much higher than the latency inside the processor, since the data passing through it must stop at each stage for a certain number of clock cycles. Over the years, processors that implement both philosophies have been successful. No approach is wrong.
Segmentation of processor solutions based on the Kor architecture
It was the first variable-length pipeline in the world, which meant that instructions could be executed after only 12 if the information needed for the instruction was already loaded into the cache. If not, I had to go through two additional steps to download the data. Prescott just overheated and consumed too much energy. Smithfield was followed by Presler, who switched to 65nm transistor technology.
First generation chips
The most affordable processors were Celeron G1101 chips (operating at a frequency of 2.27 GHz), Pentium G6950 (2.8 GHz), Pentium G6990 (2.9 GHz). All of these solutions had two cores. The mid-level segment was occupied by Corei 3 processors with the designation 5XX (two cores / four threads for information processing). The processors with the designation 6XX were one step higher. They had identical parameters with Corei3, but the frequency was higher. At the same stage was the 7XX processor with four real cores. The most productive computer systems were built on the basis of the Corei7 processor. These models were designated as 8XX. In this case, the fastest chip was labeled 875 K. Such a processor could be overclocked due to an unlocked multiplier. However, his price was corresponding. For these processors, you can get a significant increase in performance. The presence of the prefix K in the designation of the central processor device means that the processor multiplier is unlocked and this model lends itself to overclocking. The prefix S was added to the designation of energy-efficient chips.
There are two key Presler stepping. Meanwhile, in single-core versions, one core was disabled. These changes significantly increased throughput, and latency plummeted. This has led to lower energy consumption and lower heat dissipation. Instead of four executive cores, Westmere contained.
It also increases the time between major architectural changes. The purpose of this document is to demystify the role that the processor plays in popular consumer electronics, especially laptops and desktop computing. A chart is also provided in which classes are processed by these processors to help you decide on a system that meets your needs.
Sandy Bridge and planned architecture upgrade
The first generation of chips based on Core architecture was replaced in 2010 by a new solution, code-named Sandy Bridge. Key feature of this device was the transfer of the integrated graphics accelerator and the north bridge to the silicon chip of the processor.
In a niche more budget processor solutions there were Celeron processors of the G5XX and G4XX series. In the first case, two computational units were used at once, and in the second, the cache of the third level was truncated and only one core was present. The Pentium processors G6XX and G8XX are one step higher. In this case, the difference in performance was provided by higher frequencies. Due to this important feature, the G8XX looked much more preferable in the eyes of the user. The Corei3 processor line was presented by 21XX models. For some notations, the T index appeared at the end. It denoted the most energy-efficient solutions with reduced performance. Corei5 solutions were designated 25XX, 24XX, 23XX. The higher the model is labeled, the greater the performance level of the CPU. If the letter “S” is added at the end of the name, this means an intermediate option in terms of energy consumption between the “T” version and the standard crystal. The “P” index indicates that the graphics accelerator is disabled on the device. Chips with the "K" index had an unlocked multiplier. Such marking remains relevant for the third generation of this architecture.
He performs many calculations behind the scenes, which ultimately allows you to perform tasks such as trivial, such as composing email for tasks such as intensity, such as data analysis and modeling. Processors are found in many forms of consumer electronics. Most of them are familiar with many laptops and desktop computers, as well as mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Although the processor is just one of the many physical components that make up these products, it is perhaps the most important to determine their overall “usefulness” in the future, since the requirements for software becoming more demanding.
New progressive process
In 2013, the third generation of processors based on this architecture was released. A key innovation was a new process. Otherwise, there were no significant innovations. All of them are physically compatible with the previous generation processor. They could be installed in the same motherboards. The designation structure remains the same. Celeron was designated G12XX, and Pentium - G22XX. In the beginning, instead of “2” was “3”. This indicated belonging to the third generation. The Corei3 line had 32XX indices. More advanced Corei5 processors were labeled 33XX, 34XX, and 35XX. The flagship Core i7 devices were labeled 37XX.
Estimated line level performance
Unlike other laptop components, the processor is a fixed component. This means that as applications and operating Systems become more sophisticated, the ability of a computer to cope with them directly depends on the purchase decision that was made all this time ago. This choice may mean the difference between a system that is useful for another year or two versus one - no.
The biggest difference between the two generations is a moderate improvement in performance worldwide, but a significant improvement in the performance of integrated graphics. 
The increased need for mobile productivity and entertainment has led to the emergence of a relatively new class of devices: smartphones and tablets. In recent years, he has seen his technology used in the products of many well-known electronics companies.
Fourth Generation Core Architecture
The fourth generation of Intel processors was the next step. In this case, the following marking was used. Economy-class central processing units were designated as G18XX. Pentium processors - 41XX and 43XX - had the same indexes. Corei5 processors could be recognized by the abbreviations 46XX, 45XX and 44XX. For designation of processors Corei7 designation 47XX was used. The fifth generation of Intel processors based on this architecture focused mainly on the use in mobile devices. For stationary personal computers, only chips belonging to the i7 and i5 lines were released, with only a limited number of models. The first of them were designated as 57XX, and the second - 56XX.
The processors are separated by the companies manufacturing the processors, then in these companies, a general rating and purpose are offered for those processors that each of them offers. In the gap between these extremes are processors that can usually process a little from the upper and lower ends of the spectrum.
It is important to note that there is a significant amount of detail that affects the overall performance of any given processor beyond the frequency limits. This is an invalid way to compare most processors, especially between competing companies and between generations. Therefore, it is more useful to compare the frequencies and the number of processor cores in the same product line.
Promising solutions
The sixth generation of Intel processors debuted in early autumn 2015. At the moment, this is the most relevant processor architecture. In this case, entry-level chips are designated as G39XX for Celeron, G44XX and G45XX for Pentium. Corei3 processors are labeled 61XX and 63XX. Corei5, in turn, are designated as 64XX, 65XX and 66XX. Only one 67XX solution is allocated for the designation of flagship models. A new generation of processor solutions from Intel is only at the beginning of development, so such solutions will remain relevant for a long time to come.
In addition, these benchmarks, when considered in conjunction with the cost of a given processor, also allow customers to compare cost versus performance per dollar. The following links provide comprehensive rankings for desktop and mobile processors.
In this section, we break down the practical meaning of some of the notable technical features included in the various processors available. The vast majority of these features relate to how a given processor can achieve performance improvements over competitors or previous generations of products.
Overclocking Features
All chips based on this architecture have a locked multiplier. For this reason, overclocking of the device can only be done by increasing the frequency of the system bus. In the last sixth generation, this opportunity to increase system performance, motherboard manufacturers will have to disable the BIOS. In this regard, processors of the Corei7 and Corei5 series with the K index are an exception. For these devices, the multiplier is unlocked. This allows you to significantly increase the performance of computer systems built on the basis of such semiconductor products.
Q: What is the difference between a 32-bit and a 64-bit processor?
Technically, a 64-bit processor allows you to process larger pieces of data from physical memory than their 32-bit counterparts. The advantage of the 64-bit solution is related to the growing complexity of applications, as well as to the greater efficiency of working with large files and their processing.
New progressive process
This is the fast type of volatile memory the system uses to process data. Since processor updates are usually the most significant changes accompanying the update, this guide will help you “strategically” during your purchases to get the maximum processing power for your dollar. But what can these new chips offer the previous ones?
User Feedback
All generations of Intel processors listed in this material have a high degree of energy efficiency and a phenomenal level of performance. Their only drawback is too high a cost. The reason here is only because AMD's direct competitor, AMD, cannot counter worthwhile solutions. For this reason, Intel sets a price tag for its products based on its own considerations.
Conclusion
This article examined in detail the generations of Intel processors for desktop personal computers. Such a list will be quite enough to understand the designations and names of processors. There are also options for computer enthusiasts and various mobile sockets. This is all done so that the end user can get the most optimal processor solution. The sixth generation chips are the most relevant today. When assembling a new PC, you should pay attention to these particular models.
This article will examine in detail the latest generations of Intel processors based on the Kor architecture. This company occupies a leading position in the computer systems market, and most PCs are currently assembled on its semiconductor chips.
Intel Development Strategy
All previous generations were subject to a two-year cycle. A similar strategy for releasing updates from this company was called “Tick-Tak”. The first stage, called “Tick”, was to transfer the CPU to a new process. For example, in terms of architecture, the Sandy Bridge generation (2nd generation) and Ivey Bridge (3rd generation) were almost identical. But the production technology of the former was based on the norms of 32 nm, and the latter - 22 nm. The same can be said about Khaswell (4th generation, 22nm) and BroadWell (5th generation, 14nm). In turn, the “So” stage means a radical change in the architecture of semiconductor crystals and a significant increase in productivity. An example of such transitions is:
1st generation Westmere and 2nd generation Sandy Bridge. The technological process in this case was identical - 32 nm, but the changes in terms of chip architecture are significant - the north bridge of the motherboard and the integrated graphics accelerator were transferred to the CPU.
3rd generation Ivy Bridge and 4th generation Haswell. Optimized power consumption of the computer system, increased clock frequencies of the chips.
5th generation of BroadWell and 6th generation of SkyLike. Frequency is again increased, power consumption is even more improved and several new instructions are added that improve performance.
Segmentation of processor solutions based on the Kor architecture
Intel central processing units have the following positioning:
