On a cloudy autumn morning on November 19, 1739, a huge crowd gathered in the central square of Novgorod. She was attracted by the upcoming spectacle - none other than the former favorite of Emperor Peter II, the once all-powerful Prince Ivan Dolgoruky, was to rise to the scaffold. During the years of the reign of Anna Ioannovna, Russian people got used to bloody executions, but this was a special case ─ the disgraced courtier was expected to be quartered.

Vengeful Prince's Descendants

Prince Ivan Alekseevich Dolgoruky came from an old noble family, which was one of the many branches. He and his relatives owe their surname to their common ancestor ─ Prince Ivan Andreevich Obolensky, who in the 15th century received the very expressive nickname Dolgoruky for his vindictiveness.

Representatives of this family are often mentioned both in historical documents and in the legends of past centuries. In particular, popular rumor has preserved an undocumented story about one of the many wives of Ivan the Terrible ─ Maria Dolgoruky.

The reality of this marriage is highly doubtful, since by that time the loving tsar had already been married four times, which completely exhausted and even exceeded the limit set by the Church Charter.

Perhaps, in this case, we are talking only about another extramarital cohabitation, which fully corresponded to the mores of Ivan the Terrible. Maria Dolgorukaya, according to researchers, is generally more of a fictional character than a real one.

Youth spent in Warsaw

Ivan Dolgoruky - the eldest son of Prince Alexei Grigoryevich Dolgoruky - was born in 1708 in Warsaw and spent his childhood with his paternal grandfather Grigory Fedorovich. His upbringing was entrusted to Heinrich Fick, a well-known writer and teacher of German origin in those years.

However, despite all the efforts to instill in the youth stiffness and sedateness, worthy of his origin, he did not particularly succeed. Ivan was more to his liking the carefree and very loose morals that then reigned at the court of the Polish king Augustus II, where he constantly rotated. In 1723 Ivan found himself in Russia for the first time. Below is his portrait.

Acquaintance with the future king

If you believe the information of contemporaries about the character of Prince Ivan Dolgoruky, then from the crowd of courtiers in those years he was distinguished by unusually cordial kindness and the ability to win over people. This last quality was most clearly manifested in his relations with the grandson of Peter I, Grand Duke Peter Alekseevich, who later ascended the Russian throne under the name of Peter II. His portrait is shown below.

Despite the difference in age ─ Ivan Dolgoruky was seven years older - a close friendship developed between them from the first days of their acquaintance. Very soon they became an inseparable couple in all drinking, revelry and love affairs.

Start of a brilliant career

In 1725, after the death of Peter I and the accession of his wife, Prince Dolgoruky received the rank of Hoff Junker with his titled friend. But the true rise of his career followed two years later, when Grand Duke Peter Alekseevich took the Russian throne, which had been vacated after the death of Catherine I, and was crowned as Tsar Peter II.

Even in the reign of Catherine I, the former favorite of Peter I A. D. Menshikov, who by that time had managed to betroth his daughter Maria to the young emperor, was extremely worried about the increased influence at court of Prince Ivan Dolgoruky. However, his attempts to remove the opponent from the capital were unsuccessful.

Moreover, having swirled Peter in an incessant round dance of entertainment, often arranged in the company of his beautiful aunt Elizabeth Petrovna (the future empress) and pretty ladies-in-waiting, Prince Ivan made his friend forget about the bride imposed on him by Menshikov. At the same time, he very cleverly betrothed him to his own sister Catherine.

Young minion of fate

In 1728, having become a victim of court intrigues, he fell into disgrace and was exiled with his whole family, first to Rannenburg, and then even further ─ to the small Siberian town of Berezovo, where he soon died. From that time on, his place at the throne was firmly occupied by members of the Dolgoruky family, who enjoyed unlimited influence on the emperor due to his disposition towards Ivan, as well as the wedding expected in the future.

In the same year, the entire court, having left the new capital, moved to Moscow, and the Dolgoruky moved there with him. The young prince Ivan, having become the favorite of the emperor, is honored with all conceivable and inconceivable favors. In his incomplete twenty years, he becomes the chief chamberlain of the imperial court, a major of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, and also a holder of two highest state orders.

New character traits of the prince

How the character of Ivan Dolgoruky had changed by this time can be judged on the basis of the memoirs of the Spanish resident at the court of Peter II, Duke de Liria. In particular, he writes that the main features of the prince at that time were arrogance and arrogance, which, in the absence of education, intelligence and insight, made communication with him in most cases extremely unpleasant.

However, the duke notes that despite this, he often showed signs of cordial kindness. As the main inclinations of the prince, he calls the love of wine and women. It should be noted that the diplomat expresses not only his personal opinion, but also reports the information of his contemporaries known to him about the character of Prince Ivan Dolgoruky.

While his father Alexei Grigorievich was busy with the troubles and intrigues associated with the upcoming betrothal of Catherine's daughter to the young emperor, Ivan indulged in unbridled revels. It unfolded so widely that the well-known historian and publicist of the Elizabethan times, Prince Shcherbatov, found it necessary to describe the outrages he had done in his notes “On the Damage to Morals in Russia”.

Marriage chores

Nevertheless, the thought of the need to settle down finally came to his hungover head. new life the rake decided to start with marriage and made an offer not to anyone, but to the princess Elizaveta Petrovna herself ─ the daughter of Emperor Peter the Great, who died three years ago (her portrait is presented below). By that time, the young beauty had managed to give her love to many lucky people who managed to get through to her heart, but to enter into unequal marriage(this is how her union with a person who does not belong to any royal house could be regarded) she did not intend.

Having received a polite, but very categorical refusal, and at the same time remembering the old truth that a tit in a cage is much better than a crane in the sky, Prince Ivan Dolgoruky wooed the fifteen-year-old daughter of the recently deceased Field Marshal Count B.P. Sheremetyev ─ Natalya Borisovna.

Since this marriage suited both his relatives and the bride's relatives, the news of the upcoming wedding was met with general rejoicing. Most of all, Natasha herself rejoiced, having managed to fall in love with her Vanya for her cheerful disposition, kind heart, and also for the fact that everyone called him "the second person in the state."

Strike of fate

Peter 2 and Ivan Dolgoruky, as true friends, even in the arrangement of their personal lives, walked side by side. At the end of October 1729, the young sovereign became engaged to Princess Ekaterina Alekseevna Dolgoruky, and two months after that, his favorite became the official groom of Natalia Sheremetyeva. However, a tragedy soon followed, canceling out all their plans and fatally affecting the history of Russia for the next decade.

In early January 1930, a few days before the wedding, the young sovereign fell seriously ill. According to some reports, he contracted smallpox, which often visited Moscow in those years, according to others, he caught a cold while hunting. One way or another, but his condition rapidly deteriorated. The court doctors were forced to state that there was no hope for recovery, and the remaining life was counted by the clock.

last hope

Needless to say, what the princes Dolgoruky and Ivan himself experienced in those days, because with the death of Peter II, who did not have time to marry his sister Catherine, that world of wealth, honor and prosperity, to which they had become accustomed, inevitably collapsed. The sick emperor was still trying to cling to life, and the Dolgorukis were already catching the malevolent glances of envious people.

Wanting to save the situation, Prince Alexei Grigoryevich (Ivan's father) made a testament on behalf of the sovereign, according to which he allegedly declared his bride, Ekaterina Dolgoruky, the successor to the throne. The calculation was that the son would slip this linden to be signed by the dying and already losing his mind sovereign, after which his daughter would become the empress with all the benefits that would follow for their family.

The collapse of all plans

However, the calculation was not justified. It was not possible to obtain the original signature of Peter II, who died on January 19, 1730, and his former favorite Ivan Dolgoruky, who was unusually able to copy the hand of his master, signed the will. However, this trick was sewn with white thread to such an extent that it could not mislead anyone. Literally the next day, the State Council was assembled, electing the Duchess of Courland Anna Ioannovna, who was the daughter of the brother and co-ruler of Peter I, Ivan V, to the kingdom.

With the accession of Anna Ioannovna (her portrait is presented above), persecution fell upon the Dolgoruky family. Many of its representatives were sent by governors to distant provincial places, and the head of the family with children was exiled to the village. Previously, all of them were interrogated regarding the will, the authenticity of which no one believed, but at that time the trouble was avoided.

Darkened wedding

Former acquaintances, who until recently had cringed before them, now shied away from the disgraced family, as if from the plague. The only person who remained faithful was Ivan's fiancee Natalya Sheremetyeva, who did not want to leave her loved one in difficult times and was looking forward to the wedding. To her great joy, it took place at the beginning of April of the same year in Gorenki, the Dolgoruky estate near Moscow, which the late Tsar Peter II so loved to visit.

But this happiness was short-lived. Three days after the wedding, a courier from St. Petersburg arrived in the village with a notice that the entire Dolgorukov family refers to the eternal settlement in Berezov - the very wilderness in which their sworn enemy A. D. Menshikov ended his days shortly before.

As a result, Ivan Dolgoruky and Natalya Sheremetyeva spent their honeymoon in jolting wagons on the roads of Siberia. The failed royal bride also went there, carrying under her heart the fruit of the hasty and premature passion of her fiancé.

Life in prison

Prince Ivan Dolgoruky, the favorite of Peter II, having found himself in the role of an exile, fully experienced the hardships that fall to the lot of those who, by the will of fate, were at odds with the authorities. The princely towers, to which Ivan was accustomed from childhood, had to be replaced by the dark and stuffy cells of the Berezovsky prison, from which they were strictly forbidden to leave.

However, Ivan Dolgoruky, sociable by nature, soon made friends among the officers of the local garrison and, with their permission, not only left his dungeon, but even began to drink, as he once did in the happy time of his life. He frolicked with just anyone and, when drunk, was extremely unrestrained in his tongue. This got him into trouble.

Denunciation and the beginning of the inquiry

Once, in his temper, in front of witnesses, he dared to call Empress Anna Ioannovna with swear words. And besides, he boasted that he had forged the signature of the late emperor in the will. By morning, Ivan completely forgot everything, but there was a person who remembered his words well and sent a denunciation to St. Petersburg (something, but there were always enough informers in Mother Russia).

History has preserved the name of this scoundrel. It turned out to be the clerk of the Tobolsk customs Tishin. No matter how the fellow officers tried to avert trouble from Ivan, the case was given a move. A commissioner arrived from the capital, who conducted an inquiry on the spot. Soon the prince, his two brothers, and with them many more people suspected of involvement in sedition, were sent from Beryozov to Tobolsk and placed in prison, where they were immediately interrogated.

execution

Ivan Dolgoruky admitted his guilt under torture and, in addition, slandered many relatives involved, according to him, in drawing up a false will. In January 1739, he and all those who were with him on the case were taken to Shlisselburg, where the interrogations continued.

The fate of the unfortunate prisoners was decided by the "General Assembly" consisting of the highest dignitaries and convened to pass sentences on political criminals. The statesmen, having familiarized themselves with the materials of the case, made decisions on each of the accused. All of them were sentenced to death. The main culprit, Prince Ivan Alekseevich Dolgoruky, was quartered in 1739 on the central square of Novgorod, where he was taken along with the rest of the convicts.

The biography of Prince Dolgoruky Mikhail Mikhailovich fits in a few lines - he was born, studied, worked, was convicted, shot. Behind these lines, a whole life of a person passed, in which the era of revolutionary Russia was reflected.

Rod Dolgoruky

The family of Russian princes Dolgoruky came from Prince Ivan Andreevich Obolensky. He received the nickname Dolgoruky for his unimaginable suspiciousness. A large number of representatives of this family served for the benefit of the fatherland. They died for their Motherland on the battlefields, were executed in troubled times, raised the Russian economy. Subsequently, the surname Dolgoruky was transformed into Dolgorukov. Their relatives were the most famous and well-born families - the Romanovs, Shuiskys, Golitsyns, Dashkovs.

Birth and study

Prince Mikhail Dolgorukov was born in St. Petersburg on January 15, 1891. For father Mikhail Mikhailovich and mother Sofia Alexandrovna, the birth of a son was a joyful event. He was the successor of the family in the male line and the bearer of the surname. In addition to Mikhail, the family had two more sisters - Ksenia Mikhailovna and Maria Mikhailovna. There is no information about how their life turned out. At the age of 12, Prince Mikhail Dolgorukov was sent to the St. Petersburg Imperial School of Law.

Only the children of noble people studied at the school. According to its status, the educational institution was on a par with the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. The pupils lived there, as they themselves said, on 47 calls. That's how many calls the daily routine contained. The school was paid, but if the family could not pay for education, money was paid from the state treasury. Most likely, it was from there that funds were received for Mikhail's education, since his family was financially constrained. At the age of 17, Mikhail Dolgorukov graduated from college, having received in-depth legal knowledge.

Military service and revolution

Like many of the Dolgorukov family, Mikhail goes to serve in the tsarist army. He did not deserve high ranks and ranks. Maybe he just didn't have enough time. The Great October Revolution broke out. The year 1917 has come. The country began political and economic confusion. Age-old foundations collapsed. Brought up in the traditions of Russian princely families, he could not accept the new that the revolution carried in itself.

Prince Mikhail Dolgorukov has always been non-party, did not join any of the parties that grew like mushrooms in Russia. Emigration of relatives and acquaintances began. Mikhail decided not to go abroad. These are difficult times. His knowledge of jurisprudence turned out to be useless to anyone at home. It was necessary to somehow survive, so he did not shy away from any work. Using his literacy, the man worked as a clerk and accountant. It became increasingly difficult when applying for a job to answer questions about the origin. He had to work as a watchman, shoemaker's assistant, take coats in the wardrobe, because he had to feed his family.

Arrest

In the 1930s, arrests of "enemies of the people" began in Russia. The descendants of noble and princely families have always been perceived as new Russia in a negative way. In 1926 Mikhail was arrested for the first time. According to Article 58-10, he is given three years and sent into exile in the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Republic. The term of punishment has not yet ended, but he is again arrested and sentenced to imprisonment for 10 years with confiscation of property. According to Articles 58-2 and 58-8, he is reduced in his rights, which means serving a sentence without the right to correspondence and visits. Mikhail survived the cruel year 1934 - the time when the most cruel repressions began. But the case of Prince Mikhail Dolgorukov in 1937 was requested by the NKVD of the West Siberian Territory.

Execution

Why was Prince Mikhail Dolgoruky shot? In an extract from the protocol No. 32/4 of the meeting of the troika of the NKVD in the Tomsk region, it is written: "Accused of participating in a counter-revolutionary monarchist insurrectionary organization." On September 22, 1937, the UNKVD troika pronounced a sentence - to shoot.

The sentence was carried out on December 11, 1937. His guilt has not been proven. Twenty years later, in 1957, Prince Mikhail Dolgorukov was rehabilitated posthumously. He became one of many who were shot for the title. It was he who became for Mikhail Mikhailovich Dolgorukov not a boon, but a curse.

In the archives of the NKVD, a dying photograph of Mikhail Dolgorukov has been preserved. On it is a gray-haired man with an infinitely tired look. On the chest is a plate with the numbers "11-37". He was only 46 years old. Wife Lydia did not long survive her husband. She passed away in 1940. Mikhail and Lydia had no children. So one of the branches of the ancient Dolgoruky family broke off ...

DOLGORUKOV - princely family, a branch of the princes of Chernigov. The ancestor is the eldest son of Prince Andrei Konstantinovich Obolensky, Prince Ivan Andreevich (17th generation from Rurik), who received the nickname Dolgoruky (Dolgoruky). His son, Prince Vladimir Ivanovich, who lived at the end of the 15th century, had 7 sons, four of whom became the ancestors of four branches of the family. Their most famous representatives were:

First branch. Prince Ivan Andreevich Shiban (d. 1590), participated in many military operations (he received the nickname Shiban for dashing in battle), in 1578 - 84 he was governor in Chernigov, in 1585 - the second, and in 1587 the first commander of the advanced regiment, from 1589 he served governor in Voronezh.

Okolnichiy Prince Daniil Ivanovich (d. 1626) in 1613 was the governor of the troops sent to Putivl against the Poles, then the first governor in Tver and Kaluga.

Stolnik Prince Grigory Daniilovich from 1640 to 1654 was governor in Mtsensk, Bryansk, Krapivna, Yelets, Kaluga, in 1658 - in Putivl.

The sons of the okolnichy and voivode Prince Fyodor Fedorovich (d. 1664), princes Yakov and prince Grigory, occupied a prominent position in the reign of Peter I. Prince Yakov Fedorovich Dolgorukov (1639-1720) was a stolnik, voivode in Simbirsk. In 1682, during the Streltsy rebellion, he openly sided with the infant Tsar Peter I, and in 1687 he was sent as an ambassador to France and Spain, in 1689 he was appointed a judge of the Moscow order, participated in the Azov campaigns of 1695 - 96 and received the title of a close boyar. In the battle of Narva (1700) he was taken prisoner by Sweden, from which he escaped in 1710. In 1711 he was appointed a senator and headed the Military Commissariat, and from 1717 he was president of the Revision College. His incorruptibility and straightforwardness made his name very popular.

Stolnik, and then real Privy Councilor Prince Grigory Fedorovich Dolgorukov (1657 - 1723) was a prominent diplomat, for many years he was ambassador to Poland, and in 1721 he was appointed senator.

A well-known diplomat was the nephew of the latter, the stolnik, and then the actual Privy Councilor, Prince Vasily Lukich Dolgorukov (1672 - 1739). He lived in France for a long time, was an envoy in Poland, Denmark, France. During the reign of Emperor Peter II (1727 - 30) he was a member of the Supreme Privy Council and was the head of all the ambitious plans of the Dolgoruky family (the betrothal of his niece, Princess Ekaterina Alekseevna to the young emperor, and after the death of Emperor Peter II, with the help of a forged will, Dolgorukov wanted to announce " sovereign-bride" empress). In 1730 V.L. Dolgorukov supported the proposal to elect Anna Ivanovna to the throne with the condition of limiting autocratic power. From 1730 he was in exile in the countryside, and then imprisoned in a monastery; in 1739 he was executed along with other relatives.

The cousin of Prince Vasily Lukich, Prince Alexei Grigoryevich Dolgorukov (d. 1734), was the governor of Smolensk, president of the Chief Magistrate, in 1726 he was appointed senator, chamberlain and second tutor of Grand Duke Peter Alekseevich (future Emperor Peter II). During the reign of Peter II, he was a member of the Supreme Privy Council, and after the betrothal of his daughter to the young emperor, he played a prominent role at court. In 1730, after the accession of Empress Anna Ivanovna, he was exiled with his family to Berezov, where he died.

The daughter of Prince Alexei Grigorievich, Princess Ekaterina Alekseevna (1712 - 1745), in November 1729, at the insistence of her relatives, was betrothed to the 14-year-old Emperor Peter II, received the title "Her Highness the Empress Bride." In 1730, after the accession to the throne of Empress Anna Ivanovna, she was exiled with her whole family to Berezov, and from 1739 she was kept in strict confinement in a monastery. After the accession of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna (1741), she was released from prison and married to Lieutenant General Count A.R. Bruce, but died soon after.

The brother of Princess Ekaterina Alekseevna, Prince Ivan Alekseevich Dolgorukov (1708 - 1739), in 1726 was granted Hoff Junker to the Grand Duke Peter Alekseevich (the future Emperor Peter II), won his friendly disposition, and after the accession of Peter II was granted the title of Chief Chamberlain and received the rank of major of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, began to play a prominent role at court. After the death of Emperor Peter II (1730), he forged the emperor's signature on a false will on the appointment of the "empress-bride" as the successor to the throne. Since 1730, together with his family, he was in exile in Beryozov, and in 1739 he was executed (quartered).

The wife of Prince Ivan Alekseevich, Princess Natalya Borisovna Dolgorukova (nee gr. Sheremetev)(1714 - 1771), left "Notes", which covered the period of her life before her arrival in exile in Berezov.

Their son, State Councilor Prince Mikhail Ivanovich Dolgorukov (1731 - 1794), was the honorary guardian of the Moscow Orphanage, the Moscow district marshal of the nobility.

The son of Prince Mikhail Ivanovich, Privy Councilor Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Dolgorukov (1764 - 1823), was in military service and in 1791 retired with the rank of foreman, then was vice-governor in Penza, served in the Main Salt Office, in 1802 - 12 was Yaroslavl civil governor; he was widely known among his contemporaries as a poet.

Actual Privy Councilor Prince Alexei Alekseevich Dolgorukov (1775 - 1834) from 1808 was Simbirsk, and from 1815 Moscow civil governor, from 1817 a senator, in 1827 - 29 Minister of Justice, from 1829 a member of the State Council.

The son of Prince Mikhail Ivanovich, Privy Councilor Prince Yuri Alekseevich (1807 - 1882), was the governor of Vilna, Olonets and Voronezh, from 1857 a senator.

Prince Yuri Alekseevich's brother, Actual Privy Councilor Prince Sergei Alekseevich Dolgorukov (1809-1891), was governor of Kovno, and then of Vitebsk, a member of the Commission of Petitions, in 1864-84 Secretary of State for accepting petitions brought to the Highest Name, from 1871 a member of the State advice.

The son of Prince Sergei Alekseevich, infantry general, adjutant general Prince Nikolai Sergeevich (1840-1913), in 1879-85 he was a military representative to the German emperor, in 1886-89 envoy to Persia, in 1905-09 assistant commander of the Imperial Headquarters, in 1909 - 12th ambassador to Italy, since 1912 a member of the Council of State; his brother, Chief Marshal Prince Alexander Sergeevich (1841 - 1912), from 1905 was a member of the State Council.

The son of Prince Alexei Sergeevich, Retinue E.I.V. Major General Prince Sergei Alexandrovich (1872 -?), From 1915 he was with Empress Maria Feodorovna (mother of Emperor Nicholas II).

Retinue E.I.V. Major General Prince Alexander Nikolaevich Dolgorukov (1872 -?) commanded the Cavalier Guard Regiment from 1912, participated in the First World War from 1914, commanded a Cossack division, and then a cavalry corps.

The daughter of the retired captain of the guard, Prince Mikhail Mikhailovich (1815 - 1863), Princess Ekaterina Mikhailovna Dolgorukova (1847 - 1922), in 1880 entered into a morganatic marriage with Emperor Alexander II and received the title of Most Serene Princes along with three children Yurievsky.

From representatives second branch family of princes Dolgorukov the most famous are: Prince Vasily Vladimirovich Dolgorukov, who was patriarchal from 1621, and in 1627 - 50 royal steward; stolnik Prince Fyodor Alekseevich (d. 1690), from 1662 who was governor in Simbirsk; Steward Prince Stepan Vasilyevich, who in 1671 participated in the campaign during the suppression of the uprising of Stepan Razin; stolnik Prince Vasily Fedorovich (d. 1713), who participated in the Trinity (1683) and the second Crimean (1689) campaigns.

The last representative of the second branch of the Dolgorukov family was Prince Sergei Nikolaevich Dolgorukov (1811 - 1876), who was weak-minded and died without issue.

The third branch of the family of princes Dolgorukov: Prince Timofey Ivanovich Dolgorukov (d. 1580) in 1564 - 66 was among the governors in Polotsk, in 1579 he was the second governor for the defense of Moscow.

Boyar Prince Vladimir (Peter) Timofeevich (1569 - 1633) in 1608 was governor in Kolomna, in 1615, in the absence of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, he remained second in seniority in Moscow, in 1615 - 17 he served as governor in Kazan, in 1628 - 29 - in Vologda.

His daughter, Princess Maria Vladimirovna (d. 1625), married Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich in 1624, but died four months after the wedding (many contemporaries believed that she had been poisoned).

Boyar Prince Fyodor Timofeevich Dolgorukov (d. 1612) in 1599 was governor in Surgut, and then served False Dmitry I and False Dmitry II.

Boyar and butler Prince Dmitry Alekseevich (d. 1673) headed the orders of the Vladimir and Galician quarters, was the governor in Polotsk, Novgorod; was the brother-in-law of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich - his first marriage was married to the sister of Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna (Miloslavskaya).

Boyar and butler Prince Yuri Alekseevich Dolgorukov (d. 1682) participated in the Russian-Polish war of 1654-67, headed a number of orders, in 1676 he was appointed guardian of the young Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich. During the Streltsy riots in May 1682, he was killed along with his son.

The son of Prince Yuri Alekseevich, the boyar and butler Prince Mikhail Yuryevich Dolgorukov (d. 1682), in 1672 - 79 headed the order of the Kazan Palace, in 1680 - 81 he led the Foreign and Discharge orders. Killed during the Streltsy rebellion in 1682.

Field Marshal Prince Vasily Vladimirovich Dolgorukov (1667 - 1746) was granted stewardship in 1685, served in the Preobrazhensky Regiment from 1700, participated in the Northern War of 1700 - 21, was demoted and exiled in 1718 for supporting Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, returned from exile in 1724, from 1726 he commanded troops in the Caucasus; in 1730 he became a member of the Supreme Privy Council. After the accession of Empress Anna Ivanovna, Prince Vasily Vladimirovich was appointed senator and president of the Military Collegium. In 1731, on a denunciation, he was accused of insulting the empress and sentenced to death, which was commuted to imprisonment. After the accession to the throne of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna (1741), Prince Dolgorukov was returned from exile, reinstated in ranks and ranks, and again appointed president of the Military Collegium.

The brother of Prince Vasily Dmitrievich, the actual Privy Councilor Prince Mikhail Vladimirovich (1667 - 1750), began serving in 1685 as a steward, in 1711, when the Senate was established, he was among the first 10 senators, in 1718 he was arrested on suspicion of facilitating the escape of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich and exiled to village, in 1724 - 28 Siberian governor, from 1729 a member of the Supreme Privy Council, and soon after the accession of Empress Anna Ivanovna (1730) was again exiled. With the accession of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna in 1741, Prince Mikhail Vladimirovich was again released, his ranks and titles were returned to him.

The son of Prince Mikhail Vladimirovich, General-in-Chief Prince Vasily Mikhailovich Dolgorukov (1722-1782), began his service in 1735 as a corporal in the cavalry, participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1735-39, in the Russian-Swedish war of 1741, then commanded the Tobolsk infantry regiment, with participated with honors in the Seven Years' War 1756 - 63. During Russian-Turkish war 1768 - 71 commanded an army sent to occupy the Crimea, and defeated the Turkish troops. Empress Catherine II awarded the prince with the Order of St. George 1st class. and the honorary title of Crimean. From 1780, Prince Vasily Mikhailovich was commander in chief in Moscow and a senator.

Acting Privy Councilor Prince Vladimir Sergeevich Dolgorukov (1717 - 1803) was in military service, and in 1762 - 86 envoy to Prussia.

General-Anshef Prince Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgorukov (1740 - 1830) participated in the Seven Years' War of 1756 - 63, in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768 - 74 (in 1770 he was in the Chesme naval battle), during the Russian-Turkish war of 1787 - 91 participated in the siege Ochakov (1789), then defeated the Turkish troops near Chisinau. From 1793 he commanded troops in the annexed Polish regions, then he commanded a division in Moscow, in 1796-97 he was commander-in-chief in Moscow.

Acting Privy Councilor Prince Vasily Vasilyevich Dolgorukov (1752-1812) in 1775-78 commanded the Semyonovsky Life Guards Regiment, participated in the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-91 (awarded the Order of St. George, 2nd class).

General of the infantry, Prince Pyotr Petrovich Dolgorukov (1744-1815) in 1793-96 was the Moscow governor, in 1796-1802 he was the head of the Tula arms factory.

The sons of Prince Peter Petrovich, Prince Peter and Prince Mikhail, gained fame. Major General, Adjutant General Prince Pyotr Petrovich Dolgorukov (1777-1806) was one of the close associates of Emperor Alexander I, carried out his personal diplomatic missions, participated in the war with France in 1805.

Lieutenant General, Adjutant General Prince Mikhail Petrovich Dolgorukov (1780 - 1808) carried out a number of diplomatic missions of Emperor Alexander I, participated with honors in the wars with France in 1805 and 1806 - 07, in the Russian-Swedish war of 1808 - 09, during which he was killed (when his death was not yet known, his engagement to Grand Duchess Ekaterina Pavlovna, sister of Emperor Alexander I, was announced).

The son of Lieutenant General, Adjutant General Prince Vladimir Petrovich (1773 - 1817), Prince Pyotr Vladimirovich Dolgorukov (1816 - 1868), was a well-known publicist, historian, genealogist, published the works "The Tale of the Family of Princes Dolgorukov" (1840), "Russian genealogy book"; abroad he published his own magazines and collaborated with publications in opposition to the government (The Bell by A.I. Herzen and others).

Cavalry General, Adjutant General Prince Vasily Andreevich Dolgorukov (1804 - 1868) from 1848 was a comrade of the Minister of War, in 1852 - 56 Minister of War, from 1853 a member of the State Council, in 1856 - 66 chief of the 3-ro department of Own E.I. .V. office and chief of the gendarmes, from 1866 chief chamberlain of the Imperial Court.

The younger brother of Prince Vasily Andreevich, cavalry general, adjutant general Prince Vladimir Andreevich (1810-1891), began serving in the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment, was adjutant to the Minister of War, participated in hostilities in the Caucasus, was vice director of the Provisions Department of the Military Ministry, from 1848 Provisional General, in 1865 - 91 Moscow Governor General, from 1881 member of the State Council.

Ober-stealmaster Prince Vasily Vasilievich Dolgorukov (1787 - 1858) in 1838 - 41 was the St. Petersburg provincial marshal of the nobility, was vice-president of the Imperial Free Economic Society.

Actual Privy Councilor Prince Nikolai Vasilievich Dolgorukov (1789 - 1872) was Ober-Schenk, Vice-President, and from 1833 President of the Court Office.

A well-known public and political figure of that time was Prince Pyotr Dmitrievich Dolgorukov (1866-1945). He took an active part in the zemstvo movement, in 1905 he became one of the organizers and leaders of the Cadets party, in 1906 he was elected a deputy of the 1st State Duma.

His twin brother, chamberlain Prince Pavel Dmitrievich (1866 - 1927), was elected leader of the nobility in the Ruza district (Moscow province), was one of the shareholders of the Moscow Art Theater and took an active part in its formation, in 1905 - one of the founders and leaders of the party Cadets, in 1907 he was elected to the 2nd State Duma.

Retinue E.I.V. Major General Prince Vasily Alexandrovich Dolgorukov (1868 - 1918) from 1912 commanded the Life Guards Horse Grenadier Regiment, in 1914 - the 1st brigade of the 1st Guards Cavalry Division, from 1914 was in the position of a court marshal, was constantly under Emperor Nicholas II . After the February Revolution of 1917, he voluntarily stayed with the royal family, accompanied them to Tobolsk and Yekaterinburg, was arrested and shot by the Bolsheviks.

From representatives fourth branch of the genus the most famous are: Prince Samson Ivanovich Dolgorukov, who served as voivode in Ukrainian regiments in 1589-98, and from 1602 voivode in Samara; okolnichy Prince Grigory Borisovich (d. 1612) in 1605 was governor in Rylsk, then served as False Dmitry I, in 1608 he was appointed siege commander in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra and became famous for its heroic defense against Polish troops, in 1611-12 he was governor on the Dvina; Prince Mikhail Borisovich in 1614-15 served as governor in Belev, in 1623-24 - in Tyumen.

According to contemporaries, Pyotr Petrovich Dolgorukov "... a man of vast mind, great learning, very disinterested and passionately loving his fatherland."

Pyotr Petrovich Dolgorukov was born in 1744. Graduated Cadet Corps. In his youth, he participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768 - 1774, commanded the Spartan Legion as part of the troops of Count A.G. Orlov-Chesmensky. Dolgorukov gained such respect among the soldiers that he was remembered even after many years. For distinction in battles, the prince received the rank of major and the Order of St. George 4th degree. Returning to Russia, he served in the Tambov regiment as a lieutenant colonel (1775), then as a brigadier (1789).

On September 30, 1792, Dolgorukov was appointed governor of Kaluga. Through the efforts of P.P. Dolgoruky in Kaluga in 1793, a noble noble boarding house was founded, then called the noble corps, the first public library in the city was opened.

From the minutes of the meeting of the order of public charity on November 1, 1793: "... ordered, according to his Excellency's proposal, there should be a public library at the main public school." "Hunters before reading books" could read them in the library for free, and books were given out at home for a small fee.

In 1793 a new printing press was opened in Kaluga. On June 3 of the same year, a contract was concluded "with the tradesman Kotelnikov for the opening of a bookstore and a printing house."

P.P. Dolgorukov ruled in Kaluga for a little over a year, until October 27, 1793. Then he was promoted to major general and transferred to Moscow as governor. However, in 1796, due to disagreements with the favorite of Catherine II, Platon Zubov, he resigned.

After the accession of Paul I, the prince was appointed head of the Tula Arms Factory, rose to the rank of general of infantry in this position (1799).

After retiring in 1802, Petr Petrovich lived in the Speshnevo estate in the Tula province, where he was engaged in agriculture.

Pyotr Petrovich was married to Anastasia Simonovna, nee. Lapteva, she died in 1827 and was buried next to her husband. They had five children: Vladimir (1773 - 1817), Peter (1777 - 1806), Mikhail (1780 - 1808), Elena (married to Captain of the Guard Sergei Vasilievich Tolstoy) and Maria (married to State Councilor Nikolai Petrovich Rimsky-Korsakov).

Dolgorukov died in February 1815 on his estate Speshnevo and was buried in the monastery of the Holy Spirit near the town of Novosil, Tula province (now Oryol region), 25 versts from his estate.

The family of the princes Dolgorukov was included in the 5th part of the noble genealogical books of the Vladimir, Moscow, Podolsk, Poltava, St. Petersburg, Simbirsk, Tula and Chernigov provinces.

O.V. Mosin,

S.A. Mosin

LITERATURE

1. Princes Dolgorukov // Noble families of the Russian Empire. - SPb., 1993. - T.1. Princes. - S.188, 202 - 203.

2. Petr Petrovich Dolgorukov // Russian Biographical Dictionary. - St. Petersburg, 1905. - T.b. - P.555.

Dolgoruky - a princely family, Rurikovich. Were their origin from destiny. Obolensky princes, in turn, ascended to Chernigov. book. Mikhail Vsevolodich, who was killed at the headquarters of Batu Khan (1246). Among his 5 sons were: Semyon, the founder of the book. Odoevsky, Belevsky and Vorotynsky; Mstislav, from which they went to Prince. Mosalsky, Zvenigorodsky, Yeletsky, Gorchakov; Yuri, who reigned in Tarusa, had 2 sons: Vsevolod, the ancestor of the book. Boryatinsky and Mezetsky, and Konstantin. The latter had unity. son - Ivan, whose son Konstantin received the city of Obolensk on the river. Protva (modern Kaluga region). Konstantin had 3 sons, the youngest of whom, Andrei, had a son, Ivan, nicknamed Dolgoruky. His descendants began to be written by the princes of D., who played a large role in political, military and cultural. history of Russia.

Vladimir Boguslavsky

Material from the book: "Slavic Encyclopedia. XVII century". M., OLMA-PRESS. 2004.

Dolgoruky Yakov Fyodorovich(1639-1720), prince, solicitor, then stolnik and voivode, then close boyar.

Dolgoruky-Grove Grigory Borisovich(? -1612), prince, Moscow nobleman and governor.

Dolgoruky-Devil Grigory Ivanovich Menshoi - prince, governor.

Dolgoruky-Chertyonok Alexey Grigorievich(? -1646), prince, son of a boyar and head, then governor.

Dolgoruky-Chertenok Vasily Grigorievich- prince, son of a boyar and head, then governor.

Dolgoruky-Shiban Ivan Andreevich(? -1590), prince, governor.

Dolgoruky-Shibanovsky Daniil Ivanovich(? -1627), prince, roundabout and governor.

Dolgorukov Alexander Nikolaevich, prince (1872-1948). Member of the White movement.

Dolgorukov Alexey Alekseevich(1767-1834), prince, statesman.

Dolgorukov Alexey Grigorievich(? - 1734), His Serene Highness Prince.

Dolgorukov (1st) Vasily Alexandrovich(Valya), 1868-1918, Prince, Major General of His Majesty's retinue, Chamberlain Marshal of the Highest Court, stepson of Chief Chamberlain Count P.K. Benkendorf, during the war he was at the Tsar's headquarters. One of the people close to the Tsar, voluntarily went into exile with the royal family, was killed by the Bolsheviks in Yekaterinburg.

Dolgorukov Vasily Andreevich

Dolgorukov Vasily Vasilievich(1748-1775), prince, commander of the Second Grenadier Regiment, colonel.

Dolgorukov Vasily Vladimirovich(1667-1746), Russian Field Marshal.

Dolgorukov Vasily Lukich(c. 1670-1739), prince, diplomat.

Dolgorukov Vasily Mikhailovich(1722-1782), prince, military leader, general-in-chief.

Dolgorukov Vasily Andreevich(1804-1868), head of the III department.

Dolgorukov Vladimir Andreevich(1810-1891), prince, Moscow governor-general.

Princes Dolgorukovs.

Another branch of the Obolenskys "turned" into an independent princely surname of the Dolgorukovs. The ancestor of the Dolgorukovs (in the XVII - XIX centuries they were also called Dolgoruky) - Prince Ivan Andreevich Obolensky got his nickname allegedly for his vindictiveness (he had "long hands"). From the 16th century, the Dolgorukovs served at the Moscow court, holding important positions in the military and civil administration. From the grandchildren of Ivan Andreevich, the family was divided into four branches.

In the 18th century, representatives of the senior branch of this famous princely family moved to the forefront of Russian politics. The sons of the voivode and roundabout Fedor Fedorovich (died in 1664) entered the circle of Peter I's inner circle. Prince Yakov Fedorovich Dolgorukov (1639 - 1720) used especially great weight (literally and figuratively). Having begun his service under Alexei Mikhailovich (steward (1672), later governor in Simbirsk), already during the archery riots in 1682, he sided with the Naryshkins and Peter, and in 1689 he was one of the first to join Peter in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra , for which he was later appointed a judge of the Moscow Order. Yakov Fedorovich worked hard to create a Russian regular army, twice went with the tsar near Azov, for which he was granted to the near boyars, and in the Narva battle of 1700 he was captured by the Swedes. He stayed there for ten years, until he and a group of Russian prisoners managed to capture the Swedish schooner and take her to Revel, which by that time had come under Russian rule. Since 1712, Yakov Fedorovich was a senator, and in 1717 he headed the Revision Board, which monitored the correct distribution of public funds. In this post, the prince showed himself from the very better side renowned for his honesty and directness.

The brother of Yakov Fedorovich, voivode Luka Fedorovich, died in 1710 after, on the orders of Peter, he drank half a liter of vodka in one fell swoop. Another brother, stolnik and governor Boris Fedorovich, participated in the Azov campaigns. And the fourth of the Dolgorukov brothers - Grigory Fedorovich (1657 - 1723), senator (since 1721), advanced in the diplomatic service, being ambassador to the Commonwealth during the Northern War. By the way, after the betrayal of Hetman Mazepa, it was he who led the election of a new hetman in Ukraine, who became loyal to Peter I. I. Skoropadsky.

A sad fate awaited the next generation of the Dolgorukovs. Cousins senators diplomat Vasily Lukich (1672 - 1739) and Alexei Grigorievich (d. 1734) took a leading position at the court of the grandson of Peter I - Peter II. This was facilitated by the fact that Alexei Grigorievich was one of the educators of the future emperor, and the son of the prince, Ivan Alekseevich (1708 - 1739), became the closest friend of the young sovereign. The princes Dolgorukovs, representatives of the old Russian aristocracy, acquired their enormous power after the fall of Menshikov. The young Prince Ivan quickly gained the confidence of Peter II, participating in the endless hunts and revels of the royal youth. He received the rank of chief chamberlain and became a major of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, but, of course, he did not burden himself with any official concerns. Vasily Lukich and Alexei Grigorievich became members of the Supreme Privy Council, which controlled all Russian politics. The Dolgorukovs generally became a powerful family clan, who planned to subjugate the imperial dynasty to themselves. For this, the marriage of Peter II with Ivan's sister Ekaterina Alekseevna (1712 - 1747), who received the title "Her Highness the Empress-bride", was planned. Everything was ready for the wedding, but then the young king died after a short illness. And the Dolgorukovs decided to take a desperate step. They made a fake testament of Peter, forging his signature. According to this document, the sovereign allegedly bequeathed the throne to his bride Catherine. But the forgery was soon revealed, and at the insistence of another supreme leader, Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn, Anna Ioannovna was invited to the Russian throne. The power of the new empress was to be limited by special conditions - "conditions", which, in fact, consolidated the omnipotence of the Supreme Privy Council. Vasily Lukich took an active part in compiling them, and then went to Anna in Mitava, where he convinced the niece of Peter the Great to sign this document. But the "venture" of the leaders failed miserably. Anna restored autocracy, and the Dolgorukovs fell into disgrace. Vasily Lukich was imprisoned in the Solovetsky Monastery. Alexei Grigorievich and his children were exiled to Berezov, where Menshikov, defeated by the Dolgorukovs, had previously died. The brothers of Alexei Grigorievich - secret advisers Sergei and Ivan went: one - to Ranenburg (now Chaplygin), the other - to the north, to Pustozersk. The former favorite of the emperor, Ivan Alekseevich, by that time had already married the daughter of Field Marshal B.P. Sheremetev, Natalia Borisovna (1714 - 1771). She was advised to abandon marriage, but despite the persecution that had begun against the Dolgorukovs, she did not change her mind.

Having rejected the harassment of the local clerk, the former royal bride Ekaterina Alekseevna unwittingly caused the death of many of her relatives. Her brother Ivan Alekseevich received a denunciation, as a result, the case was resumed, and the prince and his brothers were transferred to Tobolsk. There, this once-brilliant young officer was kept hand- and foot-shackled to the wall. Unable to bear the torment and being on the verge of insanity, Ivan spoke about the fake will of Peter II and slandered his relatives. The massacre of the Dolgorukovs was terrible. Ivan himself was wheeled, his brother Nikolai was cut off his tongue, Sergei, Ivan Grigoryevich and Vasily Lukich were beheaded. Ekaterina Alekseevna was transported to Novgorod and kept in strict confinement for two years in the Resurrection Goritsky Monastery. Released only by Elizaveta Petrovna, Catherine returned to court. At the insistence of the Empress, in 1745 she married General-in-Chief Count Alexander Romanovich Bruce (1708 - 1752, his second wife), but soon died.

The unfortunate Natalya Borisovna for a long time did not know about the fate of her husband, taken away from Berezov, then she was allowed to return to Moscow, later she took the tonsure with the name of Nectaria, and then the schema in one of the Kiev monasteries. She was buried in the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. She left Handwritten Notes, in which she described all the misadventures of her family. The image of Natalia Borisovna is captured in Russian literature, in the works of K. F. Ryleev and I. I. Kozlov.

The nephew of Ivan Alekseevich - Alexei Alekseevich (1767 - 1834) was in the military, and then in the civil service. He was the civil governor of Simbirsk (since 1808), during the war of 1812 he formed a local militia and then commanded them. Since 1815 - Moscow civil governor, senator (1817), real privy councilor (1832), since 1829 - member of the State Council. In 1828 - 1830 he served as Minister of Justice. During his administration of the ministry, the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire was completed in 15 volumes.

The grandson of Alexei Alekseevich - Prince Alexander Nikolayevich (1873 -) served in the Cavalier Guard Regiment (from 1912 regiment commander with the rank of major general), participated in the Russian-Japanese 1904 - 1905 (was wounded) and World War I. General of the cavalry, in 1917 he commanded the First Cavalry Corps. During the civil war, the hetman of Ukraine P. P. Skoropadsky in the autumn of 1918 appointed the prince commander-in-chief of his troops. After the abdication of the hetman, Alexander Nikolayevich resigned his command and left for Odessa, then emigrated. M. A. Bulgakov brought him under the name of "Prince Belorukov" in the novel "White Guard".

The grandson of Ivan Alekseevich and Natalia Borisovna - Prince Ivan Mikhailovich (1764 - 1823), a graduate of Moscow University, Privy Councilor and Vladimir Governor, left an original mark on the literary life of his time. He owns numerous poems (odes, satires, songs, lyrics), plays, prose works, as well as translations from French. In his Moscow mansion, he organized a home theater that lasted more than ten years. On Saturdays, he held home literary readings, which gathered many interesting writers (M. N. Zagoskin, S. T. Aksakov), was a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature at Moscow University. In 1818, the prince collected his memoirs in the form of a dictionary of his acquaintances called "The temple of my heart, or the Dictionary of all those persons with whom I had various relations during my life." Two of his sons also remained in the history of literature. Prince Alexander Ivanovich (1793 - 1868) wrote salon poetry and prose. Prince Dmitry Ivanovich (1797 - 1867) was a member of the Green Lamp Society, published several poetry collections, and worked for a long time in diplomatic missions abroad. Since 1854, Privy Councilor, Senator.

Princess Ekaterina Mikhailovna (1849 - 1922) also belonged to the senior branch of the Dolgorukov princes. The subject of love of Alexander II, she bore the emperor four children. After the death of Empress Maria Alexandrovna, the sovereign married his beloved, which caused a complex reaction in court circles. Alexander II granted his new wife and now legitimized children the surname and title of the Most Serene Princes of Yuryevsky. They talked about plans for the coronation of Dolgorukova as the Russian Empress. But soon Alexander II died at the hands of the Narodnaya Volya, Princess Yuryevskaya retired from the court and lived abroad for many years, where she died. She was buried in the Orthodox cemetery of Kokad in Nice. Her descendants still live in Europe.

One of the younger branches of the family of princes Dolgorukov is represented by a number of bright personalities.

Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich married the daughter of the governor and boyar Prince Vladimir (Peter) Timofeevich Dolgorukov (1569 - 1633) - Maria in 1624, but the young queen died four months after the wedding. Perhaps she was poisoned by the enemies of the Dolgorukovs. Be that as it may, after this incident, the tsars of the Romanov dynasty in the 17th century preferred to marry girls from noble and poor noble families, far from palace intrigues. Maria Vladimirovna was thus, albeit not for long, the first queen of the House of Romanov.

Prince Yuri (Sofroniy) Alekseevich (he also had the nickname Devil, since his grandfather had the nickname Devil), boyar and voivode, distinguished himself in the war with the Commonwealth in 1654 - 1667, winning a number of major victories. He, at the head of the tsarist troops, suppressed the movement of Stepan Razin. At various times he headed some orders, including Streltsy, Pushkar and Kazan Palace. He acquired a particularly great influence on the young Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, and the son of the prince, the boyar Mikhail Yuryevich, was known as the closest associate of the sovereign. Proximity to the tsar and high position did not save the Dolgorukovs from death, but, on the contrary, worsened their position. In May 1682, after the death of Fyodor Alekseevich, in the fire of a blazing archery rebellion, father and son found their death. Mikhail Yuryevich, who attacked the archers with threats, was thrown by a brutal crowd from the Kremlin Red Porch onto spears, and his father, who was then already an eighty-year-old man, betrayed by his servant, was tortured for a long time and then killed.

The great-nephew of Yuri Alekseevich - Prince Vasily Vladimirovich (1667 - 1746) also had a chance to suffer for his proximity to the throne, although he was, first of all, a military leader. Entering the service in the Preobrazhensky Regiment, Dolgorukov visited the Poltava field, where during the battle he commanded the reserve cavalry, and on the banks of the Prut. In 1708, he defeated the uprising of K. A. Bulavin. Personal feelings were also added to the impulse to fight the rebels: Vasily Vladimirovich's brother, Colonel Yuri Vladimirovich, died at the hands of the Cossacks, surrounded with his entire detachment.

Despite Peter's trust, Prince Dolgorukov did not share all of his reformist aspirations, and therefore was among those close to Tsarevich Alexei. Dolgorukov, who raised his voice in defense of Alexei, was stripped of all ranks and exiled to Solikamsk. He returned to the army only on the occasion of the coronation of Catherine I in 1724, and with the rank of foreman. But already in 1726 he was promoted to general-in-chief and appointed commander of the troops in the Caucasus. Thanks to the strengthening of the Dolgorukovs under Peter II, Vasily Vladimirovich became a member of the Supreme Privy Council and became Field Marshal General. However, he behaved extremely cautiously, did not support the conditions proposed by Prince Golitsyn, and therefore, after the accession of Anna Ioannovna, he retained his position. Moreover, he became a senator and president of the Military Collegium. But still, the old warrior could not calmly look at the disgrace of his relatives. In conversations, he repeatedly spoke disapprovingly of the Empress. This carelessness cost him his freedom. On the denunciation of Lieutenant General Prince of Hesse-Homburg in 1731, Dolgorukov was sentenced to death, but it was replaced by imprisonment in the Shlisselburg fortress. In 1737, the prince was exiled to Ivangorod, and the very next year, when the case with the false will of Peter II was revealed, he was imprisoned forever in the Solovetsky Monastery. The prince returned only under Elizabeth Petrovna. The Empress returned the rank of field marshal to him and placed him at the head of the Military Collegium. After that, Vasily Vladimirovich lived for several more years.

His brother - Mikhail Vladimirovich (1667 - 1750), one of the first senators, in general terms repeated the fate of his brother. He was also exiled in the case of Tsarevich Alexei, then returned, ruled in Siberia for several years, in 1729 he became a member of the Supreme Privy Council (actual Privy Councilor), under Anna Ioannovna he was forced to go to live in one of his villages, then he was exiled to Narva, and in 1739, a terrible year for the Dolgorukovs, he was sentenced to death. Since he did not take any direct part in the affairs of nine years ago, the execution was replaced by exile. Elizaveta Petrovna pardoned Prince Mikhail, but soon he chose to retire due to old age.

In the Catherine era, the star of the talented commander Prince Vasily Mikhailovich Dolgorukov (1722 - 1782), the son of Mikhail Vladimirovich, rose. From a young age, he went to serve in the army. He repeatedly distinguished himself in the battles of the Russian-Turkish war, but did not receive any promotion. Finally, the commander of the Russian troops, Field Marshal B.-Kh. Minich, at his own peril and risk, promoted him to ensign for his bravery during the assault on Perekop. The prince's career developed more successfully under Empress Elizabeth. He showed himself from the best side on the fields of the Seven Years' War, including under Zorndorf. And on the day of the coronation of Catherine II, he received the rank of general-in-chief. The prince's triumph was the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. The commander of the 2nd Army, he acted in the Crimean theater of operations, and in 1771, overcoming the desperate resistance of the enemy, broke through Perekop (already familiar to him from the previous war with Turkey) and occupied the Crimea. For this victory and on the occasion of the conclusion of the Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace, the empress awarded Vasily Mikhailovich with a golden sword with diamonds, the Order of St. George, I degree, and the honorary surname Krymsky . So Prince Dolgorukov-Krymsky stood on a par with the heroes of that war, Orlov-Chesmensky and Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky. But the rank of Field Marshal Vasily Mikhailovich never received. He retired, retired and lived on his estate for several years. However, in 1780 the prince "resurrected" from oblivion. He was appointed commander-in-chief in Moscow, and in this post he earned the love and respect of Moscow citizens. Among the useful deeds of the prince is the construction of the first stone bridge across the Yauza River. The house of Vasily Mikhailovich at the corner of Okhotny Ryad and Bolshaya Dmitrovka, two years after his death, was acquired by the Moscow Noble (Noble) Assembly. Later, the architect M. F. Kazakov rebuilt it and in this form the building has survived to this day (the House of Unions with a magnificent Hall of Columns).

Several months head ancient capital there was another prince Dolgorukov - a distant relative of the Crimean hero Yuri Vladimirovich (1740 - 1830). In the Seven Years' War, he was seriously wounded in the battle of Gross-Jegersdorf, under Zorndorf he commanded the Kiev regiment and was awarded the rank of second major for courage, and after the siege of the Kolberg fortress he became prime major. In 1769, he carried out an important diplomatic mission in Montenegro, during the Battle of Chesma he successfully commanded the Rostislav ship (although he had no naval experience), at the head of a division he participated in the siege of Ochakov already during the second Catherine's Russian-Turkish war. General-in-Chief under Catherine, he retired twice. The third return to service followed already under Paul I, who appointed Dolgorukov as commander-in-chief in Moscow, but even here he lasted only six months. In 1798, the unpredictable emperor once again remembered him: Dolgorukov was introduced to the Council at the Highest Court. However, another resignation soon followed, and he returned to the service for the fifth time already under Alexander I. A veteran of the Seven Years and Catherine's Wars with Turkey, Yuri Vladimirovich took part in the war with Napoleon, this time as part of the militia.

Another prince Dolgorukov, Mikhail Petrovich (1780 - 1808), was also a combat officer. The secular handsome man heroically fought in the campaign against Napoleon in 1806-1807 near Austerlitz, Pultusk and Preussisch-Eylau, commanded the Courland Dragoon Regiment, received a wound in the chest through and through. Already in the rank of major general, he also fought with the Swedes, in the battle of Indelsalmi his short, but bright life was cut short. Family plans collapsed. But with the consent of Alexander I, he intended to marry his sister, Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna. So for the second time (after the proposed wedding of Peter II), the Dolgorukovs did not have to intermarry with the Romanovs (this was later done by "Katenka" Yuryevskaya).

A completely different position in relation to the imperial power was taken by the nephew of Mikhail Petrovich - Prince Pyotr Vladimirovich Dolgorukov (1816 - 1868). In history, perhaps, there are few such adventurous personalities. An aristocrat by birth, the prince graduated from the privileged Corps of Pages, shone in the world, but already in his youth he enjoyed a dubious reputation. Suffice it to say that it was he who was later credited with the authorship of the libel that killed Pushkin. Although this version did not find confirmation, the suspicions themselves already testified to a lot. The prince was not satisfied with his official growth. He considered himself a very talented and capable person, and looked for the reasons for his failures in the inertia and malevolence of high society. Ultimately, Dolgorukov decided to annoy the imperial entourage that did not recognize him. In 1843, under the pseudonym "Count Almagro", he published abroad in French "A note on the main surnames of Russia", in which he cited a number of facts discrediting the ruling dynasty and representatives of the highest aristocracy. Dolgorukov was summoned to Russia and exiled to Vyatka, although he was soon released from punishment.

In his accusatory writings, the prince used truly unique knowledge. The fact is that he was seriously interested in genealogy and collected a huge amount of material about the genealogies and history of noble Russian families. Dolgorukov decided to implement a grandiose plan - to publish a multi-volume collection of genealogies of the entire Russian nobility. Retiring from business and living on his estate, the prince began to implement his plan. In 1854 - 1857, he published in St. Petersburg the famous "Russian Genealogical Book", which has since become a reference book for all Russian genealogists. It was, in fact, the first generalizing treatise on Russian genealogy, which not only had practical significance, but also laid the foundations of this scientific discipline in Russia. In many ways, it has not lost its significance to this day. The prince published only four volumes of this large-scale study, further work was interrupted by the indefatigable energy of the compiler.

In 1857, he presented a note to Alexander II with a draft reform of public administration, made a proposal to free the peasants with land for ransom, but his activity did not give any result. Disillusioned with the reformist plans and once again realizing that his talent and knowledge were not appreciated, Pyotr Vladimirovich went abroad in 1859, having previously transferred all his capital there. A year later, his book "The Truth about Russia" was published in Paris. In it, he attacked the autocracy, the highest stratum of dignitaries and the nobility, and the policy pursued by them. Bile philippics interspersed with caustic characteristics - the pride of the unrecognized "genius" was satisfied. In addition, the prince put forward the ideas of liberal reforms, which were to lead to the establishment in Russia of a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral parliament. The reaction of the ruling circles was not slow to affect: Dolgorukov was sentenced to deprivation of the princely title, the rights of the state and eternal exile from Russia. The emigrant prince finally moved into the camp of foreign dissidents. He took up publicistic activities and even collaborated in Herzen's Bell.

He never returned to genealogy. Although Dolgorukov tried to use his knowledge for selfish purposes (he blackmailed M. S. Vorontsov, who claimed descent from an ancient boyar family that had died out in the pre-Petrine era), he remained in the history of science primarily as one of the largest genealogists who did a lot for its development in our country. His "Russian Genealogical Book" formed a solid foundation in this area of ​​knowledge, and the rich material collected in it became an invaluable storehouse of historical factual information. Dolgorukov introduced into Russian genealogy a certain form of family tree painting, which is still considered classical.

In the middle of the 19th century, the state activity of two more Dolgorukov brothers, Vasily and Vladimir Andreevich, unfolded. Vasily Andreevich (1804 - 1868), who showed loyalty to the throne on December 14, 1825, enjoyed the special confidence of Nicholas I. From 1848 he was a comrade of the Minister of War, and in 1853 he took this position itself. Alexander II made the prince a member of the State Council, promoted him to the rank of general from the cavalry, and appointed him chief of the gendarmes and head of the III Department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery. In this post, the prince served faithfully for 10 years. He resigned in 1866 after an assassination attempt on Emperor D. V. Karakozov.

Vladimir Andreevich (1810 - 1891), also a cavalry general (1867) and a member of the State Council (1881), was the Moscow governor general for a good quarter of a century (1865 - 1891) (longer than anyone in this post). Due to his soft, sympathetic character and kind-heartedness, the “dushka-prince” was very popular with Muscovites. Many funny stories were told about him, and his name became a symbol of the old Moscow way of life. The prince did a lot for the city. Under him, they began to cover Moscow with gas, the first horse-drawn tram started working, water supply improved, the police department was improved, and finally, the grandiose construction of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior was completed. In 1882, a one-day census was conducted. Moscow was at the center of the cultural and scientific life of the country. For services to the city in 1875, the prince was awarded the title of honorary citizen of Moscow, this honor was awarded to a few (among them N. I. Pirogov and P. M. Tretyakov). Novoslobodskaya street, at the request of Muscovites, received a new name - Dolgorukovskaya (in Soviet time renamed Kalyaevskaya, in honor of the terrorist who killed Dolgorukov's successor in governing Moscow, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich; now she is Dolgorukovskaya again).

In 1891, Alexander III decided to change the highest city government. The old prince could no longer provide the firm and tough policy that the emperor, who was concerned about the growth of radical tendencies in society, demanded from his subordinates. In February, Dolgorukov resigned, went to Prizh for treatment, where he died. The new Moscow governor-general was the tsar's brother, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich.

The grandson of Vasily Andreevich - Prince Vasily Alexandrovich Dolgorukov (1868 - 1918) - Major General, Chamberlain, was a member of the circle of associates of Nicholas II. He remained true to his duty and accompanied the arrested royal family to Tobolsk and Yekaterinburg. Then he was separated from them, imprisoned and shot without any charges. In 1981 Russian Orthodox Church Abroad ranked Prince Vasily Alexandrovich among the New Martyrs of Russia.

However, not only those loyal to the throne were among the Dolgorukov princes in those days. The brothers Pavel (1866 - 1927) and Peter (1866 - 1945) Dmitrievich were among the active members of the Cadet Party. Both graduated from Moscow University: Pavel - the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, Peter - the Faculty of History and Philology, both were active participants in the Zemstvo movement. Pavel Dmitrievich for ten years served as the Ruza district marshal of the nobility, since 1902 he was a state councilor, he also had the court rank of chamberlain (deprived of it in 1910). When the Cadet Party was formed, both brothers were among its organizers. At the II Congress of Cadets, Pavel Dmitrievich was elected chairman of its Central Committee, later he was a friend of the chairman of the Central Committee. In 1907 he was a deputy of the II State Duma, headed the Cadet faction in it. Pavel Dmitrievich enjoyed great moral authority among his associates. For honesty and decency, he was called “a knight without fear and reproach”, “a leader without words” (he did not differ in oratorical talents), P. N. Milyukov described him as a “crystal clear person”, recalled that “a more harmless and gentle person difficult to meet." According to his brother Pyotr Dmitrievich, Pavel Dolgorukov's political credo was expressed in the words "conservative liberalism." He considered it necessary to reform the political system in Russia, but only on the solid foundations of tradition.

In addition to political activities, Pavel Dmitrievich became one of the leading Russian pacifists. He headed the Tolstoy Society, in 1909 he organized the Peace Society (a branch of the international society of the same name) in Moscow, becoming its chairman. In 1910, Pavel Dmitrievich traveled as a delegate to the 18th World Congress in Stockholm, where he made a presentation. However, after the February Revolution, Dolgorukov's views changed somewhat. Even at the height of the revolutionary events, he spoke in favor of proclaiming Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich emperor, believing that in this way it would be possible to maintain statehood until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly. But every day he saw how the state was collapsing, and could not come to terms with it. He went to the front, personally observed the collapse of the army. In the summer, he advocated the establishment of a military dictatorship: “The only power that will help save Russia is a dictatorship ... Whoever is a dictator, but since military force obeys him and he can overcome the raging elements with military force, he is acceptable and desirable.”

The firm, strong hand that the prince stood up for did not appear. Instead, the Bolsheviks seized power. In the October days of 1917, Dolgorukov was in Moscow, at the Alexander Military School. There was a center of resistance Soviet power, and Pavel Dmitrievich participated in the organization of this resistance. On the expected day of the opening of the Constituent Assembly (Dolgorukov, one of the few Cadets, was elected a member), November 28, on the basis of Soviet decree, who declared the Cadet Party the party of "enemies of the people", he was arrested and sent to the Peter and Paul Fortress. After spending three months in solitary confinement, Dolgorukov was released from prison in February 1918 and left for Moscow, devoting himself entirely to the idea of ​​the White Struggle. After the death of the royal family, he declared that all Russians, “who have not lost their conscience and state mind, should shudder when they learn about this atrocity.”

Pavel Dmitrievich, this opponent of violence, worked under the government of Denikin and called for an armed struggle against the Bolsheviks: “If we consider Bolshevism an evil that destroys our Russia, then we must do everything, not embarrassed by the horrors of the Civil War, to wrest it from this evil.” In 1920, Dolgorukov was forced to go abroad. He badly needed emigration, but endured all the hardships with calm dignity. He called for the unification of emigrants, considering the main organizing force of the Russian army, General Wrangel. He did not change his attitude towards Soviet power, he believed that only armed actions could be effective in combating it. Wishing to set a personal example and sound the mood in his homeland, Prince Dolgorukov illegally crossed the Soviet border twice. The first time he was detained, but not identified, and therefore sent back. The second time Dolgorukov was arrested on the way from Kharkov to Moscow. In response to the murder of the Soviet ambassador in Warsaw, Voikov, Pavel Dmitrievich was shot in June 1927.

Prince Pyotr Dmitrievich Dolgorukov, like his brother, was a member of the Cadet Party, was elected a deputy of the First State Duma, and after its dissolution signed the Vyborg Appeal. For this he was sentenced to three months in prison. Subsequently, he retired from party work, lived in his Kursk estate. During the First World War, he served on the Galician front under the command of General A. A. Brusilov. In 1920 he emigrated from the Crimea to Constantinople. Lived in Prague. In 1945, when Soviet troops liberated Prague from the Nazis, repressions began against Russian emigrants, during which Pyotr Dmitrievich died.

The representative of the youngest branch of the Dolgorukov princes, okolnichiy prince Grigory Borisovich Dolgorukov Grove (killed in 1612), became famous during the Time of Troubles, for sixteen months leading the defense of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery from the Polish-Lithuanian invaders. “In a close space, infected with the corpses of the dead and the suffering of the sick, with a small retinue; with a small amount of supplies of life, with an even smaller number of Ovinsky shells, Dolgorukov, with the assistance of monks zealous for faith and the fatherland, especially with the assistance of Archimandrite Lavra, the famous Dionysius Rzhevitin, defended the monastery of St. Sergius from the Poles, although with incredible difficulty "(" Russian Genealogical Book "of Prince P.V. Dolgorukov). The brave voevoda died defending Vologda from the Poles.

The princes Dolgorukovs are also related to a number of famous people in Russian history.

Princess Darya Dmitrievna was the wife of the hetman of the Left-Bank Ukraine (since 1663) and the boyar Ivan Martynovich Bryukhovetsky (killed in 1668), who sought the separation of Ukraine from Russia.

Princess Feodosia Vasilievna is the wife of the governor and boyar Prince Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn ("The Great") (1643 - 1714), a favorite of Princess Sofya Alekseevna, who led unsuccessful campaigns in the Crimea in 1687 and 1689, and from 1689 lived in exile.

Princess Anna Petrovna - wife of the boyar Alexei Semyonovich Shein (1662 - 1700). A participant in Peter's Azov campaigns, he was the first among Russians to be awarded the highest military rank of generalissimo (1696).

Princess Ekaterina Alexandrovna (died in 1829) - the wife of Nikolai Petrovich Nikolev (c. 1758 - 1815), a poet and playwright, author of numerous satires, odes, comic operas, songs and other works that were once very popular.

Princess Praskovya Vladimirovna - wife of Ivan Ivanovich Melissino (1718 - 1795, descended from a Greek family), Privy Councilor, director (1757 - 1763), and later curator of Moscow University, chief prosecutor of the Holy Synod.

Princess Praskovya Vasilievna (1754 - 1826) - wife of Field Marshal Count Valentin Platonovich Musin-Pushkin (1735 - 1804).

Princess Elena Ivanovna (until 1785 - 1850) - wife of Pavel Ivanovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (1767 - 1829), privy councilor, senator, curator, and then trustee of Moscow University, poet and translator. Their daughter Evdokia Pavlovna (1795 - 1863) is the wife of the poet, Decembrist Fyodor Nikolaevich Glinka (1786 - 1880).

Princess Elena Pavlovna (1788 - 1860) married Andrei Mikhailovich Fadeev (1789 - 1867), Privy Councilor, Saratov Governor and Manager of State Property in Transcaucasia. Their eldest daughter Elena Andreevna, married Gan (1814 - 1842), a fiction writer, is the mother of the founder of theosophy, Elena Petrovna Blavatsky (1831 - 1891) and writer Vera Petrovna Zhelikhovskaya (1835 - 1896). Daughter of Vera Petrovna - Nadezhda Vladimirovna Zhelikhovskaya (1864 - 1938) - wife of the illustrious General Alexei Alekseevich Brusilov (1853 - 1926), participant in the First World War (commander-in-chief of the armies of the Southwestern Front that carried out the "Brusilov breakthrough"), Supreme Commander of the Russian Army (May -July 1917). Elena Andreevna's sister - Ekaterina Andreevna Fadeeva (1819 - after 1870) - mother of Sergei Yulievich Witte (1849 - 1915), real Privy Councilor, Count (since 1905), member of the State Council, Minister of Communications (1892), Finance (1892 - 1903 ), Chairman of the Committee (later Council) of Ministers (1903 - 1906).

The daughter of the Moscow Governor-General Vladimir Andreevich, Princess Varvara Vladimirovna (1840 -) is the wife of the Chief Chamberlain, Adjutant General Nikolai Vasilyevich Voeikov (d. 1898). Their son is an infantry general, the last palace commandant Vladimir Nikolaevich Voeikov (1868 - 1947), the author of the memoirs “With the Tsar and Without the Tsar” (meaning Nicholas II). He was married to Evgenia Vladimirovna Frederiks (1867 - 1950), the daughter of the long-term minister of the Imperial Court and the appanages of the baron (from 1913 count) Vladimir Borisovich Frederiks (1838 - 1927).

Princess Olga Alekseevna (1869 - 1946) - wife of Alexander Nikolaevich Volzhin (1860 - 1933), real state councilor, marshal of the Sedlec, governor of Sedlec, chief prosecutor of the Holy Synod (1915 - 1916), member of the State Council (since 1916). Her sister Ekaterina Alekseevna was the wife of the Kursk vice-governor Georgy Borisovich Shtyurmer, son of Boris Vladimirovich Shtyurmer (1848 - 1917), chairman of the Council of Ministers in 1916.

Princes Baryatinsky. The branch of the Mezetsky princes is the princes Baryatinsky (also Boryatinsky, their surname comes from the name of the Baryatinsky volost on the Kletom River in the Meshchovsky district of the Kaluga province) from the sons of their ancestor Alexander Andreevich, the first prince