PERSONAL HYGIENE

1. The concept and tasks of personal hygiene. Formation of personal hygiene skills in childhood.

Personal hygiene includes daily activities carried out by each person to maintain and promote health. This is hardening of the body, physical exercises, body and oral care, the use of rational clothing and footwear. Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene is also of public importance, since when communicating with others, a person who does not comply with certain personal hygiene requirements can have an adverse effect on the well-being and health of other people, in particular, contribute to the spread of infectious diseases and helminthiases.

2. Healthy lifestyle and its main elements. Healthy lifestyle promotion among children.

The correct distribution in time of various types of activities and recreation, meals, stay in the fresh air is the basis of a hygienic lifestyle. Only this ensures full recovery of strength after work and optimal conditions for the development of the functional capabilities of the body and high labor productivity. A properly constructed daily routine provides for the regularity of certain actions (work, sleep, etc.) throughout the day.

The significance of a certain distribution of time lies in the fact that it contributes to the consolidation of a dynamic stereotype that ensures the flow of various types of human activity in all their diversity. Through this, the organism interacts with the environment, adaptation to it, as a result of which a certain relationship is established between the internal processes in the organism and the external environment. Compliance with the regime of the day, the performance of certain types of activity at the same hours establish a strict alternation of the processes of excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system - a well-known constancy of the working rhythm in the activity of the body. This is of great importance for overall performance, accustoms various body systems to work or rest, eating at certain hours, saves energy, etc.

There cannot be a single day regimen for everyone, since much depends on age, profession, state of health, climatic and geographical and other conditions, but under all circumstances a constant daily regimen should be observed as much as possible. It is necessary to take into account the daily rhythm of the physiological functions of the body and, adapting to it, increase or decrease the magnitude of labor loads in certain periods of the day.

An important place in the regime is occupied by sleep, which provides a good rest, especially the central nervous system, sensory organs and skeletal muscles (IP Pavlov).

The main hygienic requirement for night sleep is its sufficient duration, which is associated with the age of persons and the nature of their work. Sleep of an adult, according to I.M. Sechenov, should last at least 7-8 hours a day.

The younger the person, the longer the sleep should be, the earlier it should begin. The most useful sleep begins no later than 23-24 hours and ends at 7-8 hours. Young children and old people are shown an afternoon nap lasting 1-2 hours. h before sleep. It is necessary to create a favorable environment for sleep: silence, darkness or twilight,

air temperature is not higher than 17-18 0 C, clean air and comfortable bed.

The use of alcohol, drugs, smoking lead to a deterioration in health, a decrease in physical and mental performance, up to serious illness and premature death.

3. The problem of bad habits, their consequences for people's health. Prevention of addictive behavior among children and adolescents.

There is an extensive scientific, popular science and fiction literature that testifies to the danger that alcoholism poses to each person and to society as a whole.
Alcohol is a narcotic poison that primarily acts on the central nervous system, causing increased excitation and disrupting inhibition processes. Drinking alcohol, even in small doses, has a harmful effect on the cardiovascular system. Prolonged use of it leads to fatty degeneration of the liver, dysfunction of the kidneys, stomach, intestines and adversely affects the state of the respiratory system. Moderate but constant use of alcohol before meals to improve appetite, mood is one form of chronic alcohol poisoning. Alcohol irritates the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, the voice of drunkards becomes rough, becomes hoarse, and a chronic cough develops.
Smoking
Currently, smoking is very widespread and there is a clear trend towards an increase in the number of smokers, especially among women and adolescents. One of the reasons for this is the illusory opinion that smoking is a well-known sign of independence.
Nicotine contained in tobacco smoke, like alcohol, is a drug, but its negative effect is not detected immediately, but after a few years. Nicotine affects, first of all, the nervous system, which at the time of smoking is somewhat excited, an impression of cheerfulness is created, but then its depressing effect is manifested. Under the influence of nicotine, memory and attention deteriorate, mental performance decreases, blood vessels, in particular the brain, narrow, which makes it difficult to eat and leads to headaches, dizziness, and a feeling of heaviness in the head.
In addition to nicotine, tobacco smoke contains carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, pyridine bases, ethyl mercaptan, hydrocyanic acid, carcinogens that can have a harmful effect on the body. Under the influence of carbon monoxide, oxygen supply decreases and the level of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood increases.
According to WHO, smoking is the main cause of chronic bronchitis, emphysema and lung cancer, as well as one of the important risk factors for myocardial infarction and a number of disorders during pregnancy and in newborns. Smokers are much more likely to develop stomatitis and gingivitis.
Smokers are characterized by increased overall morbidity and premature mortality. Smokers cause harm not only to themselves, but also to others who are forced to breathe air polluted with tobacco smoke. The concentration of carbon monoxide in the premises due to smoking increases significantly. This is especially harmful for children. Women who smoke endanger unborn children by increasing the risk of death of the child in the perinatal period. Children from smoking mothers are usually born often with defects, they are more susceptible to disease.
People who lead a healthy lifestyle have a natural desire to maintain and strengthen their health, which is realized by them with the help of rational nutrition, physical education, and personal hygiene.

However, often people, especially young people, are also characterized by such forms of behavior or activity that are unacceptable from the point of view of the principles of a healthy lifestyle. They are united in the category of people of "deviant behavior" (from the French deviation - "deviation from the correct line").
The mass forms of such behavior include alcohol consumption (drunkenness), tobacco smoking and drug use.
It is believed that a certain number of people become alcoholics, tobacco smokers or drug addicts after stopping their depressed mood due to some unsatisfied need for a dose of alcohol, nicotine, drugs. In this case, the natural relative or absolute lack of endogenous opioids is compensated by their exogenous antagonist in a colossal dose, hundreds or thousands of times higher than the normal level of production of these substances in the body.
The strong euphoric effect of drugs, alcohol, nicotine sharply shifts the balance of the emotional state towards positive emotions, which is well remembered by the body and leads to the closing of the chain of pathogenetic mechanisms that consolidate and develop addiction to taking exogenous opioids and their analogues. Endogenous opioids are replaced and then ousted from the physiological cycles of the body by their exogenous analogues and surrogates, which is very dangerous. Such destruction and substitution of normal physiological functions and neuropsychic processes causes manic addiction and inevitably leads the organism to death.
So, a normal healthy person must develop in himself the highest aspirations aimed at maintaining and strengthening his own health, i.e., hygienic needs. Realized through traditional behavior, they constitute a hygienic, or sanitary, culture, which is an integral part of the culture of society (G. N. Kotova, V. M. Zaitsev, S. I. Saveliev, 2003).

4. Personal hygiene of the student. 5. Personal hygiene. Hygiene of the skin, clothing and footwear of an adult and a child.

Proper skin care contributes to the normal functioning of the body and is a basic requirement of personal hygiene. The skin performs various physiological functions. Due to the huge number of nerve endings embedded in it, it serves as the primary analyzer of external stimuli that we perceive. Skin receptors are in close multilateral relationship with the central nervous system that regulates physiological processes in the body (IP Pavlov).

The skin protects the body from mechanical, physical and chemical damage and the penetration of microbes. Great is the function of the skin as an excretory organ. By sweating, the body is freed from excess heat and many harmful metabolic products formed in the blood and tissues. The secret of the sebaceous glands protects the skin from drying out, protects it from excessive wetting with sweat, increases its elasticity and ability to withstand mechanical stress. The skin is involved in the gas exchange of the body and has some bactericidal ability due to the acid reaction on its surface.

In the process of work and life, the skin is constantly polluted both from the outside and as a result of the physiological activity of the skin itself. The layer of dirt formed on the skin can cause mechanical blockage of the skin glands and thereby disrupt their functions. The penetration of bacteria into clogged sebaceous glands leads to the formation of folliculitis. Skin contamination rich in organic substances decomposes under the influence of microorganisms, forming fatty acids that have an unpleasant odor and irritate the skin. As a result, favorable conditions are created for the occurrence of dermatitis, pustular, fungal and other diseases.

The degreasing effect is exerted by the free alkali in the soap. It contains up to 2% in laundry soap, and no more than 0.05% in toilet soap.

Once a week, you should take a bath treatment at home or in the bath, and the best way is to wash in the shower with continuously flowing clean water. The most polluted areas of the body need additional care: hands, face, neck and legs.

Significant bacterial contamination is often found on the surface of the hands. The role of dirty hands in the spread of intestinal infections, helminthic invasions and other diseases has been proven. From the hands, germs get on food, dishes, household items, furnishings, etc.

Therefore, it is necessary to wash your hands frequently. It should also be borne in mind that up to 95% of all microbes accumulate under the nails, and their removal is achieved only with a brush. After washing, you need to dry your hands with a towel or, as is done in the toilet rooms of many public buildings, dry them with a current of dry air - with an electric towel.

It is enough to wash the face and neck in the morning and before going to bed. When washing the face, hot water and frequent use of soap should be avoided because of the danger of degreasing the skin. The head should be washed no more than once a week.

Massage, combing with a fine comb, a special brush contribute to the improvement of hair growth, since a slight pressure causes blood flow to the hair roots and enhances their nutrition.

Soiled feet and often excessive sweating require more frequent washing with soap or even water alone. To combat sweating, you should use general hardening measures that strengthen the nervous system. Of the local remedies, in addition to washing the feet with cool water at night, it is recommended to wipe the plantar surface of the feet and the spaces between the fingers with a cotton swab moistened with a 5% formalin solution, no more than 1-2 times a week.

It is necessary to change socks more often, avoiding nylon and nylon products. When sweating hands and other parts of the body, it is recommended to scrub with cologne or powder with special powders.

6. Personal hygiene. hardening. Features of hardening in childhood.

The essence and physiological principles of hardening

Hardening consists in the systematic, repeated exposure of the body to a number of external physical factors - this is a system of special training of the body with the help of natural factors of nature: air, water, sunlight, to increase resistance to sharp temperature fluctuations and prevent the occurrence of colds.

The importance of hardening to improve health and increase efficiency is extremely high. In the process of hardening, the thermoregulatory mechanisms are improved, which increases resistance to cold and heat effects and ultraviolet radiation of the sun. The response reflex reactions of the body to the effects of thermal stimuli change significantly, and some of them fade away, and instead new, compensatory ones arise. Multiple short-term systematic thermal effects with a gradual increase in the strength of the stimulus cause persistent adaptation to this stimulus (V.V. Pashutin, M.E. Marshak, K.M. Smirnov, A.A. Minkh, etc.).

The hardening process is accompanied by some changes in the morphological structure and physicochemical properties of tissues. Repeated thermal irritations lead to a thickening of the epidermis, a decrease in the water content in the tissues and an increase in fat in sweat, which contributes to a more even distribution of it on the skin surface and increases sweat evaporation (A.P. Parfenov, M.E. Marshak).

In addition to the specific effect of hardening, which is expressed in the fact that cold procedures increase resistance to cold, and thermal procedures increase resistance to heat, it also has a non-specific effect, which manifests itself in a general healing effect, increased efficiency, reduced morbidity, education of strong-willed and other psycho-physiological qualities.

Hardening can only be successful if it is carried out correctly. To do this, it is necessary to strictly observe the following physiological principles:

1) Hardening should be started in the absence of an acute illness

2) Individual approach to the choice of hardening agent for each child;

3) a gradual increase in the strength of the stimulus (for example, start water procedures with water at room temperature);

4) systematic hardening procedures, i.e. their daily use, and not from case to case, when trace reactions are not fixed, which is absolutely necessary;

5) the correct dosage of procedures, given that the main acting factor is the strength of the stimulus, and not the duration of its action.

air hardening

The skin is highly sensitive to ambient temperature, air movement and, to a lesser extent, to its humidity. The temperature sensitivity of the skin in its various parts is not the same, which depends, on the one hand, on the number of receptors laid down in one place or another and perceiving heat or cold, and on the other hand, on the adaptation of various parts of the body to heat or cold. Parts of the body that are usually covered by clothing are more sensitive to cold than those that are exposed. In this regard, it is advisable to carry out air hardening in a naked or semi-naked form in order to act on a large surface of the body and get a more pronounced overall effect.

Air hardening is carried out in the form of air baths, which in medical practice are called aerotherapy. Their preventive value, in addition to the hardening effect, is manifested in a beneficial effect on well-being, metabolism, blood circulation, the tone of the nervous system, and the activity of physiological processes.

The main factor determining the dosage of air baths is the temperature of the air, but it is also necessary to take into account the humidity and speed of its movement.

Hardening by air should be carried out in the shade, in green areas, remote from sources of pollution by dust, smoke and harmful gases.

You can take air baths under the crowns of trees, on verandas, and in their absence - indoors, after lowering the air temperature by ventilation.

Air baths in the open air begin at an air temperature of 15-20 0 C, their duration is 20-30 minutes. Gradually, their time is increased, and the air temperature is lowered. Cool and cold air baths should always be combined with physical exercises performed at a pace that excludes cooling of the body.

When taking air baths in the room, the air temperature is reduced,

opening a window or window. One of the forms of hardening with cold air is a night's sleep in winter with an open window. In this case, hardening acts mainly on the upper respiratory tract.

When hardening with air, as with other hardening procedures, self-control is of great importance. An indicator of the correct use of air baths is good health, calm, long enough sleep, normal appetite, increased efficiency, etc. The appearance of goosebumps, chills, tremors when taking air baths indicates the need to stop the bath or make vigorous movements to warm up. Contraindications to taking baths are very low air temperature, rain, fog, wind with a speed exceeding 3 m/s.

A variation of air hardening is the use of lightweight clothing in the cold season. To a certain extent, this is acceptable for residents of cities who stay outdoors for a short time. It is impossible to consider it expedient to walk in winter without a hat.

water hardening

The thermal conductivity and heat capacity of water is much higher than that of air, so it causes a stronger cooling of the body than air of the same temperature. At an air temperature of 24 0 C, a naked person feels satisfactorily at rest, while in water at this temperature it becomes cool, and in order to restore the previous heat sensation, it is necessary to heat the water to 30-35 0 C. In connection with this feature of the thermal effect of water on the body water procedures are a more energetic way of hardening than air baths.

For hardening, cool water with a temperature of 24-16 0 C and cold water - below 16 0 C are used.

The systematic use of cool and cold water procedures serves as an active prophylactic against the harmful effects of sudden drops in temperature, strong cold air currents and various accidental coolings of the body. Through the nerve endings embedded in the skin, thermal stimuli act on all the most important physiological functions of the body. As with air baths, the body responds to the irritating effect of cold water not only with a local, but also with a general protective reaction.

It is best to take water procedures in the morning, after sleeping or exercising, when the skin is evenly warmed, this provides a more dramatic vascular response. In addition, morning water procedures contribute to the transition of the body from sleep to wakefulness and create a good mood.

Water procedures are divided into the following types: sponging, dousing,

shower and bathing.

Rubbing is the mildest water procedure, prescribed mainly for people with poor health. It is carried out with a sponge or towel dipped in cool water.

Pouring consists in pouring cold water from a vessel onto the neck and shoulders from a distance of 5-8 cm. A small pressure of a stream of water falling on the surface of the body, which increases thermal irritation, is added to the effect of cold. Dousing causes an energetic spasm of the skin vessels, followed by rapid relaxation, increases the tone of the neuromuscular apparatus, increases efficiency and creates a feeling of cheerfulness. Pouring is contraindicated for people with increased excitability of the nervous system.

The shower has the strongest cooling effect. The mechanical irritation caused by a falling jet of water is very significant, due to which the shower in a short time causes a stronger general and local reaction than previous methods of hardening with water. The water temperature at first should be 30-32 0 C, exposure no more than 1 minute. Regular showering should cause a feeling of cheerfulness, freshness, good appetite, increased efficiency, etc. The appearance of unpleasant sensations in the form of excessive excitement, irritability, insomnia indicates the need to ease the load or switch to more moderate water procedures.

Bathing in rivers and lakes is one of the most valuable methods of hardening, which also provides great aesthetic satisfaction. The beneficial effect of bathing is enhanced by the fact that the thermal effect of hardening is combined with simultaneous exposure to the naked surface of the body of air and sunlight with physical exercises (swimming, diving, etc.).

Systematic bathing in cool water has a tonic effect on all body functions, resulting in a rise in mood, a surge of energy, an improvement in appetite, digestion, and metabolism. Excessively long and frequent bathing, especially in the sea, may cause irritation of the nervous system, heart failure, general weakness, etc.

In recent years, extensive construction of artificial swimming pools and indoor sports facilities has been carried out. This allows you to use the water factor for sports and general health purposes throughout the year thanks to water heating. These facilities are under strict sanitary and epidemiological supervision. It provides for continuous purification and disinfection of water in the pool (filtration, chlorination, ozonation and other methods), a certain procedure for using the pool, medical supervision of visitors, systematic studies of water, and keeping all rooms in exemplary cleanliness.

hardening by the sun

As a preventive and therapeutic factor, air-solar baths are used, which, in addition to the general beneficial effect on the body, contribute to adaptation to high air temperatures.

It is best to take air-solar baths in the morning, when the air is less heated. In the south and in central Russia in the summer - from 7 to 11 hours, in more northern latitudes - from 9 to 12 hours. When hardening, you need to lie down with your feet to the sun, protect your head from the sun's rays with a straw hat, umbrella, etc., eyes - glasses with yellow-green or dark glasses. You can not bring yourself to profuse sweating, it is forbidden to sleep during the procedure. You should not lubricate the skin with any cream to get a better tan, this is allowed if the skin is dry after irradiation. It is necessary to know that the degree of pigmentation does not serve as a criterion for a biological effect, but depends on the individual characteristics of the organism.

Proper hardening is based on a rational dosage of

stuffy sunbathing, providing a gradual adaptation of the body to the effects of solar, especially ultraviolet, radiation. When hardening healthy people, a minute method of dosing air-solar baths is usually used, in which irradiation sessions begin from 5-10 minutes a day and bring them up to 2-3 hours every day, increasing the session by 5-10 minutes.

After each hour of exposure, a 10-15-minute break should be taken to rest in the shade, during the session it is necessary to change the position of the body. At the end of the session, you must take a water procedure. Repeated bathing during a sunbathing session is permissible only for completely healthy people.

At the beginning of hardening, this should not be done to avoid burns, since wet skin is more sensitive to ultraviolet rays.

With the correct use of air-sun baths, there is an improvement in general well-being, an increase in appetite, good sleep, a cheerful mood, an increase in efficiency, etc. Unpleasant subjective sensations that sometimes occur after the first air-sun baths disappear. Indicators of a really unfavorable effect of baths are general weakness, weight loss, deterioration in appetite and sleep, increased excitability of the nervous system, and deterioration in performance. A sharp increase in heart rate, redness of the skin, palpitations, headache, dizziness, nausea indicate intolerance to sunbathing due to incorrect dosage or increased sensitivity of the body to sunlight. In these cases, you should reduce the dosage or temporarily switch to air baths. Excessive exposure in duration can lead to the development of nervous, cardiovascular and other diseases, and the presence of some of them generally serves as a contraindication to taking air-solar baths.

Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene of patients is of great importance. A comfortable bed, a clean bed create the conditions for a quick recovery of patients to prevent complications. And therefore, proper care, personal hygiene, sanitization of patients is of great importance. The more severe the disease in a patient, the more difficult it is to care for him. Therefore, the nurse should be well versed in the methodology for carrying out all the manipulations and procedures for caring for patients and be able to clearly perform them.

In the hospital, it is necessary to observe the sanitary and epidemic regime, to carry out the sanitization of patients entering the hospital. Upon admission to the hospital, patients, if necessary, undergo sanitary treatment in the admissions department, including: taking a shower or bath, cutting nails and other procedures, depending on the results of the examination. After sanitization, the patient is given a set of clean underwear, pajamas / bathrobe, slippers. Personal clothes and shoes are left in a special package with hangers (polyethylene bags, covers made of dense fabric) in the storage room for patients' belongings or given to their relatives (acquaintances). Patients are allowed to stay in hospitals in home clothes. Personal clothing of patients with infectious diseases should be subjected to chamber disinfection in cases stipulated by sanitary rules.

In the department, the patient is given soap, a towel, a glass (cup, mug), if necessary - a drinking bowl, a spittoon, a bedpan with a stand. You are allowed to use your own personal hygiene items.

Hygienic treatment of patients (in the absence of medical contraindications) should be carried out at least 1 time in 7 days with a note in the medical history. Hygienic care for seriously ill patients (washing, wiping the skin of the face, parts of the body, rinsing the mouth, etc.) is carried out in the morning, as well as after meals and when the body is contaminated. Haircuts and shavings of patients should be arranged periodically.

Change of linen for patients should be carried out as it gets dirty, regularly, but at least 1 time in 7 days. Soiled linen must be replaced immediately.

Cleanliness of the skin plays an important role in patient care. Human skin performs a protective function, is involved in heat production and metabolism. Therefore, the purity of the skin and the absence of damage are the main conditions for its normal activity.

Maintaining the elasticity, softness and flexibility of the skin contributes to the function of the sebaceous and sweat glands. However, the accumulation of fat and profuse sweating lead to contamination of the skin.

It is estimated that within a week the sebaceous glands secrete from 100 to 300 g of sebum to the surface of the human skin, and sweat glands from 3.5 to 7 liters of sweat. Together with fat and sweat, microorganisms accumulate on the skin, which cause itching. Itching leads to scratching, the appearance of abrasions, which are the entrance gate for the penetration of microorganisms into the thickness of the skin. If you do not follow the skin, diaper rash may form on it.

Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene is of considerable importance for the recovery of the patient, as well as for the prevention of various complications.

In order for the skin to be clean and function normally, it is necessary to carry out a daily toilet.

If the patient's condition allows, then he performs hygiene measures himself, sitting in bed, it is only necessary to organize this procedure for him.

Since the patient spends more time in bed, it is very important that the bed is comfortable and that the bed is clean, dry, and even. Proper bed preparation and monitoring of its condition is the creation of a comfortable position for the patient, prevention of the development of diaper rash, bedsores and other complications.

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Fundamentals of life safety
Grade 11

Lesson 1
Personal hygiene and health rules

Basics of a healthy lifestyle

A healthy lifestyle is understood as a way of life of people that provides them with the formation, preservation and strengthening of health. Conventionally, this process can be divided into two areas: the active actions of a person to form and improve their health (physical culture, hardening, compliance with hygiene rules, etc.) and the desire of a person to avoid the effects of factors that destroy health (smoking, drug addiction, substance abuse and alcoholic beverages).

Important components of a healthy lifestyle- personal hygiene, friendly relations in the family and high moral behavior.

Personal hygiene and health rules

Human activity from the first days of his life passes in close interaction with the external environment. The science that studies the influence of the external environment on the health of an individual and the entire population, and also develops hygiene standards, requirements and rules for maintaining health, high working capacity and prolonging the active longevity of people, is called hygiene. Many centuries passed before it took shape in a real science, one of the areas of medical knowledge.

When we talk about personal hygiene, we mean the hygiene of an individual. It, in turn, is of great importance for social hygiene, that is, the hygiene of society as a whole. The concept of "personal hygiene" is very broad and includes the implementation of many hygiene rules, requirements and norms aimed at maintaining health, performance, active longevity, and preventing infectious and non-infectious diseases. Personal hygiene includes several sections, including dental care and hair care.

Dental care

An adult should have 32 teeth. However, due to malnutrition and dental care, trauma, and removal of wisdom teeth, most adults are left with slightly fewer teeth.

The layer of enamel that covers a healthy human tooth is the hardest substance in the human body. However, like other hard objects, teeth can be traumatized and eroded. Its most common form is caries, a decay caused by acid that forms on the teeth as a result of the presence of bacteria and food particles on them. Acid can gradually eat into the cavity in the tooth, and it will start to hurt if the nerves at its root are affected.

The initial symptoms of such a toothache are usually hypersensitivity to heat, cold or sweets (the tooth begins to ache). The pain will gradually increase (it may become so severe that it will not let you sleep) until the cavity is healed or until the nerves are killed by bacteria (in this case, an abscess may form - a swollen, inflamed area in the tissues where pus accumulates) . Treatment of caries is more difficult if you wait until the disease becomes acute.

The mouth with its warm and moist environment- one of the most favorable places in the body for the reproduction of bacteria. If they are allowed to multiply uncontrollably, an infection or abscess can develop. Bacteria through the cavity in the tooth can penetrate into the pulp, from it - into the tooth socket and lead to the formation of an abscess. Abscesses most often form in the gums due to food particles getting stuck between the teeth and gums.

Another common dental disease is stomatitis: the appearance of painful sores on the inner surface of the cheeks. The causes of this disease can be food allergies, stress, mechanical injuries and poor oral hygiene.

As with any other part of the body, infections in the mouth tend to spread if left untreated. The infection from the tooth can spread to the tissues of the face and neck, causing them to swell and make breathing difficult. If large numbers of bacteria enter the bloodstream, a person may develop a fever or even develop a life-threatening condition. In this condition, he needs immediate intensive medical care and hospitalization.

To keep your teeth and oral cavity healthy, you must adhere to the following rules:

Protect yourself from the most common sports injuries and car accidents: if you play contact sports, wear protective equipment such as a helmet, face mask and jaw protector; in the car, fasten your seat belt, which can save not only your life, but also your appearance, in particular, save your teeth;
eat more foods that strengthen teeth and gums, and less of foods that weaken them (vegetables rich in fiber and calcium contribute to healthy teeth; apples, carrots and celery, which must be chewed thoroughly, not only give work to the muscles of the jaws, improve blood flow to the teeth and gums, but also clean the surface of the teeth well; peanuts and nuts, tea, sunflower seeds, cheese, olives, if consumed after meals, can also prevent tooth decay by preventing the formation of an acidic environment in the mouth);
avoid fatty, viscous and acidic foods: they can change the environment in the oral cavity and affect the composition of saliva in a way that increases the likelihood of tooth decay and erosion of enamel;
regularly clean the interdental spaces with a special floss or toothpick, use a natural-based toothpaste;
visit the dentist 2-3 times a year: in this case, he will detect diseases of the teeth and gums in a timely manner.

Hair care

In appearance, the hair does not resemble skin, although it is a modified epidermis.

The hair is made up of a shaft and a root.. The rod is located above the surface of the skin, and the root is located in its thickness, in the hair follicle. The extension of the root at its end is called the hair follicle. Hair grows from it.

Hair is present on almost the entire surface of the skin, except for the palms and soles. There are three types of hair: long (hair of the head, mustache, beard); bristly (eyebrows and eyelashes) and fluffy, located on the whole body.

Hair cells contain the pigment melanin. The color of the hair depends on its quantity. The more pigment, the darker the hair. As we age, the pigment cells stop multiplying and the hair turns gray.

What is hair for? They perfectly protect the head from cold and heat, eyelashes protect the eyes from specks, eyebrows do not allow sweat to get into the eyes.

Hair is devoid of nerve endings, so it can be cut painlessly. They require meticulous care. Only well-groomed hair - clean, shiny, silky, well combed - decorates its owner.

Unfortunately, sometimes white and yellowish scales appear on the scalp and in the hair. There may be few of them, and sometimes it seems that the whole head is sprinkled with flour. At the same time, hair constantly looks dirty and can fall out a lot. In everyday life, this phenomenon is called dandruff. Its medical name is seborrhea. Seborrhea is closely related to metabolic disorders in the body. To get rid of it, you need to exclude from food fatty and spicy dishes, smoked meat and fish, canned food, limit the use of sweets and cheese. Outdoor games, playing sports, eating cereals, especially oatmeal, and sound good sleep are conducive to the good condition of the hair.

Hair should be washed not according to the schedule, but as needed. Dirty - so you need to wash. At the same time, it is good to rinse them with water with vinegar, a decoction of chamomile or nettle. Very helpful head massage. You can do it before every wash. Do not be lazy to comb your hair in the morning and evening. It’s good if you have a wooden or bone comb: the plastic one electrifies the hair and splits it with its microburrs. It is absolutely unacceptable to comb someone else's, even mom's or dad's, comb.

Body hygiene

Human skin protects the entire body from all kinds of environmental influences.. Maintaining the cleanliness of the skin is extremely important, because in addition to the protective function, it performs the following functions: thermoregulatory, metabolic, immune, secretory, receptor, respiratory and other functions.

Wash daily with warm water. The water temperature should be 37-38 degrees, i.e. slightly above normal body temperature. Up to 300 g of fat and up to 7 liters of sweat are released through the skin of a person per week. So that the protective properties of the skin are not violated, these secretions must be washed off regularly. Otherwise, favorable conditions are created on the skin for the reproduction of pathogenic microbes, fungi and other harmful microorganisms.

It is necessary to take water procedures (bath, shower, bath) using a washcloth at least once a week.

Keep your hands and nails clean. Exposed areas of the skin are particularly prone to contamination. Dirt containing pathogenic microbes can get from hands to mouth through food. Dysentery, for example, is called the disease of dirty hands. Hands should be washed before going to the toilet and always after the toilet, before eating and after eating, after contact with animals (both street and domestic). If you are on the road, then you need to wipe your hands with a damp cloth to eliminate at least some of the germs.

Feet should be washed every day with cool water and soap. Cold water reduces perspiration.

Hygiene of underwear and clothing and footwear

An important role in personal hygiene is the cleanliness of our clothes.. Clothing protects the human body from pollution, mechanical and chemical damage, cooling, insect ingress, and so on.

Underwear needs to be changed after each wash, i.e. everyday.

Socks, socks, stockings, tights are changed daily.

Clothes should be washed regularly.

It is unacceptable to wear someone else's clothes and shoes

Clothing and footwear must be suitable for climatic conditions.

It is advisable to give preference to clothes made from natural fabrics, and shoes made from natural materials.

The cut of clothes and shoes should take into account the anatomical features and correspond to the size of the person.

For more information, see the article “Clothing Hygiene”.

Sleep hygiene

Each member of the family you must have your own towel and your own bed.

Linens must be changed weekly.

The bed should be comfortable.

Before going to bed, it is necessary to ventilate the sleeping area.

Try to keep pets out of bed.

Home hygiene

Home hygiene not only allows you to maintain order in the house, but also contributes to the preservation and promotion of health.

Cleanliness is essential for the destruction of germs, mold and mites that can cause various diseases.

The implementation of a number of hygiene measures reduces the risk to health, which is one of the main human values. In addition, compliance with hygiene rules speaks of a high human culture.

Healthy lifestyle It is impossible to imagine without caring for the hygienic condition of your own home. This is the same important element of hygiene as taking care of your own body, linen, clothes, shoes, etc. After all, on average, a person spends a third of his life in his home.

That is why the hygiene of housing should be given special attention.

For supporting the natural beauty of your home it is best to use proven folk remedies that are safe for health, which can be easily prepared at home.

Let's look at them in more detail:

Universal detergent - to prepare it, add four tablespoons of baking soda to one liter of warm water and mix thoroughly;
stove cleaner - pour fresh stains with water and sprinkle them with salt, and after the stove has cooled, wipe off the dirt with a sponge;
drain cleaner - pour half a glass of baking soda into the drain and pour half a glass of vinegar, after five minutes rinse the drain with boiling water from the kettle;
toilet bowl cleaner - a paste made from lemon juice and borax will help to clean the surface of dirt.

Maintaining good home hygiene helps to ensure the health and well-being of the family. Particular attention should be paid to cleanliness if there is a small child in the house. To ensure the comfort and safety of your own home, you need to regularly clean and make sure that it has enough heat, light and comfort. Do not cover windows during the day and do not place too many pots of indoor flowers on the windowsill, as this prevents sunlight from entering the room.

Ventilate rooms regularly to prevent oxygen deficiency (since lack of oxygen causes headaches and fatigue) and to freshen up the atmosphere. The temperature in the house should be no more than plus twenty-two degrees Celsius, which is most comfortable for the body.

Some concepts about cleansing the body

Over the past decades, there have been significant changes in human nutrition. A person began to use a lot of synthetic and refined products, although most of them are poorly processed and absorbed by his body. From the wrong combination of food and fluid intake, contamination and poisoning of the large intestine, liver, kidneys, and connective tissue of the body occur, which are unable to completely neutralize and remove unnecessary substances and toxins. This leads to an overload of toxins in the lungs, nasopharynx, skin and other organs. Numerous pathogenic microbes, penetrating the human body, find ideal conditions for reproduction in places of accumulation of harmful and unnecessary substances and subsequently cause various diseases.

That is why people should take care that their body is clean not only from the outside, but also from the inside, so that it clogs as little as possible and is constantly freed from toxins and other toxic substances.

There are many ways to cleanse the body. Most of them come down to cleansing and restoring the functions of the large intestine, liver, kidneys, joints, etc. This is done by combining various methods of cleansing (enemas, fasting, special diets, the use of choleretic and diuretic drugs, the use of heat, the implementation of various movements and pos). The success of the procedures, as a rule, is achieved only with the complete rejection of stimulants (tea, coffee, tobacco, alcohol). And they must be carried out under the guidance of experienced professionals.

Questions and tasks

1. What is a healthy lifestyle and personal hygiene?

2. What diseases of the oral cavity are possible if you do not take care of your teeth?

3. What hygiene rules must be followed to keep the teeth and oral cavity healthy?

4. What are the functions of the hair?

5. What hygienic rules must be observed when caring for hair?

6. What are the reasons for the need to cleanse the body?

Exercise 1.

Are all your teeth healthy? When was the last time you visited the dentist? If you cannot answer these questions right away, hurry to the dentist and get your teeth in order.

Task 2.

What Foods Promote Dental Health? Choose the correct answers:

a) confectionery;
b) vegetables rich in fiber and calcium;
c) fatty foods;
d) peanuts and nuts.

Task 3.

From the suggested answers, choose the one that correctly explains why hair can be cut painlessly:

a) hair follicles are not affected when cutting;
b) hair cells contain a special pigment that protects them from pain;
c) hair is devoid of nerve endings.

Task 4.

Dandruff (seborrhea) occurs due to metabolic disorders in the body. And this means that it is necessary to exclude fatty and spicy dishes, smoked meat and fish, canned food from food, limit the consumption of vegetables and fruits, sweets and cheeses.
There is an error in the list of products provided. Find her.

Personal hygiene is a set of hygienic rules of human behavior at work and at home. Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene contributes to the preservation and strengthening of human health. The rules of personal hygiene include the regime of the day, work and rest, rational nutrition, hardening, physical culture, skin care, hygiene of clothes, shoes and housing.

Personal hygiene is an essential element in the formation of the health of each person and society as a whole. Without observing simple rules of behavior in our daily life and activities, it is impossible to maintain our health, prolong and improve the quality of life, and also prevent the occurrence of many different diseases.

Personal hygiene practices are traditional, dating back to the dawn of mankind and expanding with the development of society and the passage of time. This is a set of general hygiene requirements and norms for people of any age and occupation: the correct alternation of mental and physical labor; physical education and hardening; balanced diet; body care (oral cavity, hands, skin, nails, hair); full sleep; choosing clothes appropriate for the weather; keeping the home and workplace clean; the use of only individual household items and much more.

The first priority is to keep the body clean. Microorganisms settle on dirty skin, which leads to blockage of the ducts and glands, as a result, their activity is disrupted, pustular and fungal diseases develop. Especially a lot of bacteria accumulate in open areas of the body - hands and under the nails. Soap is a unique invention of mankind, which allows you to destroy up to 93% of microorganisms. Currently, various agents with a long-term antibacterial effect are common. If you do not forget to wash your hands before eating, before working with food, after going to the toilet, then you are much less likely to get intestinal infections.

It is also useful to douse with cold water in the morning and evening. A simple daily procedure that does not require much time, which, in addition to the hygienic effect, will have a hardening, tonic effect on the skin.

Skin is the outer covering of the human body. The surface area of ​​the skin of an adult is 1.5-2 m. One of the main functions of the skin is the protective function. Thus, the elastic fatty lining of the skin and its elasticity protect internal organs and muscles from stretching, pressure and bruises. The horny layer of the skin protects its deeper layers from drying out. In addition, it is resistant to various chemicals. The pigment melanin protects the skin from ultraviolet radiation. The skin protects the human body from the penetration of microorganisms, infectious agents.

An important protective function of the skin is its participation in thermoregulation (maintaining normal body temperature). 80% of all body heat transfer is carried out by the skin.

The skin is involved in the regulation of metabolism in the body, especially water, mineral, carbohydrate and protein, takes part in the body's immune responses, so caring for it is one of the main components of a person's personal hygiene. Keeping the skin in a healthy state requires constant care for its cleanliness and hardening procedures. Cleanliness of the skin is the main condition for its normal condition. In the surface layer of the skin there are a large number of sweat glands and hair follicles, which trap dust, dirt, bacteria. In addition, metabolic products secreted by the skin itself (fat, sweat, horny scales) constantly accumulate here. All this must be systematically washed off the surface of the skin. It is necessary to wash the skin taking into account its individual characteristics.

So, for normal and oily skin, it is advisable to use neutral toilet soap for washing, and for dry skin - cosmetic, glycerin, etc. Sweat, scales, sebum are best removed from the skin surface at a water temperature of 37--43 ° C. Baths and showers under normal conditions are recommended to be taken at least once a week, and taking into account the environmental situation associated with air pollution, daily. It is also useful to douse daily with cold water in the morning and evening without soaping, which, in addition to the hygienic effect, has a hardening, tonic effect on the skin. It is not bad to accustom yourself to finish any washing of the body with a cold douche or shower.

The skin of the face and neck must be washed in the morning and evening. Dry skin, sensitive to atmospheric influences (wind, frost, etc.), is not recommended to be washed frequently with soap. After washing or taking water procedures, a nourishing cream can be applied to the skin of the face. The correctness of facial skin care is evidenced by its freshness and healthy coloring.

The skin of the hands must be washed with soap and water at room temperature, as very cold water dries the skin, and hot water greatly degreases it. It is advisable to wash the skin of the legs every evening, after a working day. At the same time, after washing, it is useful to use special creams for foot skin care, which, in addition to the nutritional effect, prevent the formation of cracks on the soles and help prevent fungal skin diseases.

Air baths, bathing in open water, etc., have a beneficial effect on the condition of the skin.

Keeping linen and clothes clean, as well as their suitability for the season and climatic conditions, is one of the most important criteria for personal hygiene. Clothing is used by a person to protect the body from adverse environmental factors - low or high temperature, solar radiation, wind, precipitation, thereby warning the body against the occurrence of colds. Shoes must also comply with established hygiene requirements. It should not constrain the leg, interfere with the natural movement of the foot. You should always wear shoes that are appropriate for the season and climatic conditions of the region where you live.

In personal hygiene, the healthy condition of the teeth, gums, and oral mucosa is of great importance. This is important for the normal process of nutrition, for the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases. Inadequate oral care can lead to dental diseases, such as caries. To prevent this condition, it is recommended to contact the dentist at least twice a year. The main function of teeth is grinding, chewing food. Well-chewed and saliva-soaked food contributes to the normal functioning of the digestive organs. Oral care is, first of all, maintaining healthy teeth. With insufficient oral care, dental diseases can develop. The most common dental disease is caries. The main reason for its occurrence is considered to be the destructive action of plaque microorganisms on the hard tissues of the teeth.

One of the measures to prevent caries is regular brushing of teeth. Teeth should be brushed after breakfast and especially thoroughly (at least 3 minutes) after dinner. To brush your teeth, it is recommended to use a brush with artificial bristles. In addition, in the interval between meals and before bedtime (after brushing your teeth), you should avoid eating sweets and starchy foods. To prevent the condition of the teeth, it is recommended to consult a dentist at least twice a year.

Personal hygiene includes hair care. Hair - horny filamentous derivatives of the skin that form the hairline - protect the body (head) from mechanical damage and heat loss. Life expectancy, growth intensity and properties of hair are influenced by hair care, as well as measures to strengthen the body (normal sleep, rational nutrition, physical education, hardening).

First of all, the hair must be kept clean. Oily hair is recommended to wash once a week, dry and normal - once every 10-14 days. To wash your hair, it is better to use soft water (devoid of calcium, magnesium, iron salts), as well as rain. Dry hair is recommended to be washed with a special shampoo, and oily hair with a soapless shampoo. In addition, to preserve hair, it is recommended to rub aloe, carrot or onion juice into the scalp 2-3 hours before washing (oily hair). For rinsing oily hair, it is recommended to use an infusion of burdock roots.

Hair cutting is also a necessary condition for hair care. Men are recommended to cut their hair once every 3-4 weeks, women - as needed.

Human activity is impossible without proper rest, first of all, a calm and long sleep. It is necessary to strictly observe the time of sleep and rise, while taking into account the possibility of performing all morning and evening hygiene procedures without haste.

Hygiene as a science is a very broad concept, covering almost all aspects of human life. The word "hygiene" comes from the Greek hygiene s, which means "bringing health". There are a lot of definitions of Hygiene, but, perhaps, they all mean the same thing: hygiene is the science of improving and preserving a person.

Hygiene includes many sections, such as: hygiene, hygiene of children and adolescents, occupational hygiene, personal hygiene, communal hygiene, environmental hygiene, military hygiene, etc. Since the subject of the site is fully included in the concept of "Hygiene", for ease of understanding in this section of the site we will cover only the topic of Personal Hygiene.

Personal hygiene - a set of rules for human behavior in everyday life and at work. In a narrow sense, hygiene is the hygienic maintenance of the body, clothing and household items. Violations of personal hygiene requirements can affect the health of both one person and very large groups of people (groups of enterprises, families, members of various communities, and even residents of entire regions).

RULES OF PERSONAL HYGIENE

1. Body hygiene. Human skin protects the entire body from all kinds of environmental influences. Maintaining the cleanliness of the skin is extremely important, because in addition to the protective function, it performs the following functions: thermoregulatory, metabolic, immune, secretory, receptor, respiratory and other functions.

• Wash daily with warm water. The water temperature should be 37-38 degrees, i.e. slightly above normal body temperature. Up to 300 g of fat and up to 7 liters of sweat are released through the skin of a person per week. So that the protective properties of the skin are not violated, these secretions must be washed off regularly. Otherwise, favorable conditions are created on the skin for the reproduction of pathogenic microbes, fungi and other harmful microorganisms.

• It is necessary to take water procedures (bath, shower, bath) with application at least once a week.

• Keep your hands and nails clean. Exposed areas of the skin are particularly prone to contamination. Dirt containing pathogenic microbes can get from hands to mouth through food. Dysentery, for example, is called the disease of dirty hands. Hands should be washed before going to the toilet and always after the toilet, before eating and after eating, after contact with animals (both street and domestic). If you are on the road, then you need to wipe your hands with a damp cloth to eliminate at least some of the germs.

• Feet should be washed every day with cool water and soap. Cold water reduces perspiration.

2. Hair hygiene. normalizes the activity of the sebaceous glands, and also improves blood circulation and metabolic processes. Therefore, the procedure for washing the head must be treated responsibly.

• The head must be washed as it gets dirty. It is impossible to say the exact number of times. The frequency of hair washing depends on various factors: hair length, type of hair and scalp, nature of work, season, etc. In winter, as a rule, the head is washed more often, because the headdress does not allow the scalp to breathe, which is why sebum is released much more than usual.

• Do not wash your hair with hot water. Hair can become very greasy, as hot water activates the sebaceous glands. In addition, this water helps detergents (soaps and shampoos) to settle on the hair in the form of a gray coating that is difficult to wash off.

• Be careful with the choice of hair care products (shampoos, balms, lotions, etc.). Hair absorbs water very well, and with it substances that can harm the hair, scalp and body as a whole.

• After rinsing, it is useful to rinse the hair with cool water.

• Dry your head after washing, preferably with a warm towel, and then let your hair dry in the air. It is undesirable to use a hair dryer, as it dries the hair very much.

• When combing hair, the use of other people's combs is unacceptable.

3. Oral hygiene. Proper care of the oral cavity helps to keep the teeth in good condition for many years, and also helps to prevent many diseases of the internal organs.

• You need to brush your teeth every morning and evening.

• It is unacceptable to use another person.

• Be sure to rinse your mouth after eating.

• At the first signs of tooth or gum disease, contact your dentist immediately.

• Visit your dentist at least twice a year for a routine checkup.

4. Hygiene of underwear and clothing and footwear. An important role in personal hygiene is the cleanliness of our clothes. Clothing protects the human body from pollution, mechanical and chemical damage, cooling, insect ingress, and so on.

• Underwear must be changed after each wash, i.e. everyday.

• Socks, socks, stockings, tights are changed daily.

• Clothes should be washed regularly.

• It is unacceptable to wear someone else's clothes and shoes

• Clothing and footwear must be suitable for climatic conditions.

• It is advisable to give preference to clothes made from natural fabrics, and shoes made from natural materials.

• The cut of clothes and shoes should take into account the anatomical features and correspond to the size of the person.

5. Sleeping hygiene.

• Each family member should have their own towel and bed.

• Bed linen must be changed weekly.

• The bed should be comfortable.

• Before going to bed, it is necessary to ventilate the sleeping area.

• Before going to bed, it is recommended to change underwear for a nightgown or pajamas.

• Try to keep pets out of bed.

And a little more about hygiene: