Atlases and contour maps. Russian history

Line UMK I. L. Andreev, O. V. Volobuev. History (6-10)

Line UMK V. S. Myasnikov. General History (5-9)

Line UMK R. Sh. Ganelin. History of Russia (6-10)

Atlases and contour maps. Russian history. Historical and cultural standard

Presentation for International Holocaust Remembrance Day

January 27 is the day of remembrance for the victims of one of the bloodiest and most tragic stages in human history - the Holocaust. We cannot remain indifferent to this event. Let us recall the main causes, history and consequences of the terrible page of the past.

What is the Holocaust?

In a broad sense, the persecution and mass destruction by the Nazis of representatives of various ethnic and social groups(Soviet prisoners of war, Poles, Jews, Gypsies, Freemasons, hopelessly ill and disabled, etc.) during the existence of Nazi Germany.

V narrow sense- persecution and mass extermination of Jews living in Germany, on the territory of its allies and in the territories occupied by them during the Second World War; systematic persecution and extermination of European Jews by Nazi Germany and collaborators during 1933–1945.

Show students photos related to the topic of the lesson, and then invite them to think and answer the following question: “Why did the people who gave the world Goethe, Bach and Kant become associated with such a terrible war crime as the Holocaust? What can we do to ensure this tragedy never happens again?”

Sergei Agafonov teacher of the highest category, co-author of textbooks on national history

Topics for messages

1. Warsaw ghetto. History of resistance.
2. The feat of Alexander Pechersky.
3. "Righteous Among the Nations".
4. The Life and Death of Janusz Korczak.
5. Everyday life in the ghetto through the eyes of residents.
6. Monuments to the victims of the Holocaust.

Lesson vocabulary

Nazism, genocide, ghetto, concentration camp

From the history of the Holocaust

The Holocaust (from the Greek “burnt offering”, “annihilation”) began on January 30, 1933, after Adolf Hitler assumed the post of Reich Chancellor of Germany, and already on March 22, the first prisoners began to arrive at the concentration camp in Dachau, near Munich. As part of the policy of racial anti-Semitism, the German National Socialists announced the complete extermination of Jews from Germany.

The roots of this tragedy have been growing since the 19th century, when German and Austrian pan-Germanists (supporters of a cultural and political movement based on the idea political unity German nation) actively promoted ideas of racial superiority. Within the framework of such ideas, Jews, Slavs, Gypsies were considered as born carriers of certain biologically deficient traits.

Other related materials:

• For Victory Day: front-line letters that move you to tears
• June 22: chronology of the events of the first day of the Great Patriotic War

However, the mass killings and executions did not start immediately: for the first few years, the Nazis mainly restricted the working rights of Jews and property rights, which resulted in the adoption of the "Nuremberg Racial Laws" in 1935, two racist legislative acts: the "Law on the Citizen of the Reich" and the "Law on the Protection of German Blood and German Honor”, ​​which put an end to the equality of Jews and Germans in Germany.

The Nazis also actively tried to squeeze the Jews out of the country. To the horror of the latter, it turned out that there was simply nowhere to go: many countries of the League of Nations, even after the first reports of the death of the Jewish population, remained deaf to human grief and closed their borders from refugees, not to mention financial support. Only a few organizations have made any attempt to help the refugees, such as the Nansen International Refugee Organization. In total, about 400 thousand people fled from Germany, Austria and the Czechoslovak regions of Bohemia and Moravia. Almost the same number at the time of the outbreak of World War II remained in the territories controlled by the Nazis.

After the outbreak of the war, the Germans seized several new territories with the Slavic and Jewish populations living on them - Poland, the Baltic States, and then the Soviet lands. And it was then that mass executions began (only Babi Yar in 1941 became the place of extermination of at least hundreds of thousands of people) and the exile of the “lower race” to concentration camps. In total, more than 20 million Slavs died from the actions of the Nazis, 15 of whom were Soviet citizens, and about 6 million Jews.

Read more about the crimes of the Nazis during the Great Patriotic War in our textbook:

The textbook, prepared in accordance with the IKS, covers the period of national history from 1914 to the beginning of the 21st century. The content of the textbook is aimed at developing the cognitive interests of students. The methodology of the textbook is based on a system-activity approach, which contributes to the formation of skills to independently work with information and use it in practical activities.

The origin of anti-Semitism in Germany. The Holocaust (from Greek Holocaust "burnt offering") - the designation of the massacres of Jews, Gypsies, Slavs in the years. fascists.

"The Holocaust is a tip on the arrow of anti-Semitism, carved for centuries..." (L. Koval).

"Anti-Semitism is the international language of the fascists" (I. Ehrenburg).

Judophobia - literally "fear of the Jew" - intolerance towards Jews, a synonym for anti-Semitism.

“Since the Jewish people are not capable of productive activity, they were unable to create a state on their own territory .... By the end of the 19th century, the Jews had practically completed the economic conquest of Europe, and now they began to exercise political control over it. The first attempts in this direction were manifested in the intention to eradicate the intelligentsia of other peoples with the help of revolutionary upheavals. Jewry's merciless struggle for power is going on in our time in Germany. However, the National Socialist movement unraveled the plans of the Jews and opposed them. Our National Socialist Party is the only force in the world that has undertaken this struggle against vile and criminal designs against humanity.”

Law for the Protection of German Blood and the German Race of September 15, 1935 Marriages between Jews and state subjects of German or kindred blood are prohibited. 2. Sexual intercourse between Jews and state subjects of German or kindred blood is prohibited. 3. Jews are forbidden to hire women in their homes - state subjects of German or kindred blood, who have not reached the age of 45. Jews are allowed to wear clothes of Jewish colors. This right is protected by the state.

FIRST EXPLANATION TO THE REICH CITIZENSHIP LAW OF NOVEMBER 14, 1935 4.1. A Jew cannot be a citizen of the Reich. He does not have the right to vote in political matters, cannot hold positions in public institutions. Jewish officials will be dismissed until December 31, 1935. A Jew is a person whose second-generation ancestors (grandparents) had at least three persons of the Jewish race "Meetling ", who is a state subject, is also considered a Jew if he descends from two Jewish ancestors.

Then some Jews perished. More than 30,000 Jews were then sent to concentration camps.

There are no monuments above Babi Yar. A steep cliff, like a rough tombstone. I'm scared. Today I am as old as the Jewish people themselves. I think Dreyfus is me. Philistinism is my informer and judge. I'm behind bars. I got into the ring. Hounded, spat on, slandered. And the Brussels-frilled ladies, Squealing, poked my face with their umbrellas. It seems to me that I am a boy in Bialystok. Blood pours, spreading across the floors. The leaders of the tavern stand are outrageous And they smell of vodka and onions in half. I, thrown off by a boot, am powerless. In vain I pray to the pogromists. Under the cackle: "Beat the Jews, save Russia!" - The meadowsweet rapes my mother. Oh, my Russian people! - I know - you are essentially international. But often those whose hands are unclean have rattled Your purest name. I know the goodness of your land. How vile that, without flinching, the Anti-Semites pompously called themselves the "Union of the Russian people"! It seems to me - Above Babi Yar, the rustle of wild herbs. The trees look menacingly, like a judge. Everything is silently screaming here, and, taking off my hat, I feel how I am slowly turning gray. And I myself, like a continuous soundless cry, Above the thousands of thousands buried. I am every shot old man here. I am every shot child here. Nothing in me will forget about it! Let the "International" thunder, When the last anti-Semite on earth will be buried forever. There is no Jewish blood in my blood. But I am hated by hardened malice to all anti-Semites, like a Jew, And therefore - I am a real Russian!

• MEMORY AND WARNING

• Lebedyansky municipal district
• Lipetsk region

What is the measure of human

• What is the measure of human
• in a person?

Educational:

• Educational:
• To develop tolerance and respect for the people around you.
• Education of historical and cultural memory.
• Education of the priority of life values ​​on the basis of moral ideals: humanism, freedom, duty, conscience, honor.

• Informative:
• Preservation of the historical memory of the victims of the Second World War.
• Awareness of the value of human life, not only one's own, but also that of another person.
• Recognition of the need to regulate relations between people and nations by international law.
• Demonstration of the inhumanity of the ideology and policies of the Nazi regime based on racism and anti-Semitism

To prevent the spread of neo-fascism among the younger generation.

• To prevent the spread of neo-fascism among the younger generation.
• Recognize universal human values ​​as a priority in public relations.

Holocaust - "burnt offering".

• Holocaust - "burnt offering".
• In Russian, the term "Holocaust" also means any act genocide, not necessarily just for Jews.

A deliberate attempt to completely exterminate an entire nation. T-4 killing program

• A deliberate attempt to completely exterminate an entire nation. T-4 killing program
• the destruction of 60% of the Jews of Europe and about a third of the Jewish population of the world;
• from a quarter to a third of the gypsy people;
• the losses of the Poles amounted to 10%;
• about 3 million Soviet prisoners of war died;
• black citizens of Germany, the mentally ill and the disabled were subjected to total extermination.

Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Auschwitz, Majdanek.

• Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Auschwitz, Majdanek.

• Holocaust victims testify

• Children of the Holocaust Testify

• The war threw me and sister Marochka out on the street. Dad has already been killed in a pogrom, mom is far away in a concentration camp. Parental home - a recent fairy tale - stands as it was.
• But there are Germans. And we, holding hands, wander and wander through the streets of Nemirov - two hungry hunted girls. I am six, Marochka is ten. We dare not approach a single gate or a single window. It was at such a time (the summer of the forty-second year) that these “poems” were born. And I did not change a single word in them, not only because the "author" is six years old...

• A homeless cat is crying, but who can hear it? And mice live in warm burrows in a completely different way. And the wind burrowed under the roof and sleeps on the straw. He is at home. And I remember the house, and so I want tea. And so that the rain ends soon: it's cold under the fence. She pulled the bag over her shoulders, but it was wet, and the evening had just begun. I'll probably die in the morning. I thought dying was hard .
• Alla Aizensharf.

It sounds beautiful - Buchenwald, * The mountain and the valley are covered with forest, But what is it that fogs my eyes? In the eyes - a bloody veil. Death hovered here for eight years, On rags - solid brands, And it is impossible to see What is down there - magical Weimar. There - Goethe wrote "Faust", Here - the flame of death raged There - "People die for metal", Here - people die from metal.

• It sounds beautiful - Buchenwald, * The mountain and the valley are covered with forest, But what is it that fogs my eyes? In the eyes - a bloody veil. Death hovered here for eight years, On rags - solid brands, And it is impossible to see What is down there - magical Weimar. There - Goethe wrote "Faust", Here - the flame of death raged There - "People die for metal", Here - people die from metal.

• There - Wieland, Schiller, Herder, Bach, There - Cranach, fabulous and bright. Here - machine guns on poles And graze fierce shepherd dogs. There lived the great Franz Liszt, who glorified freedom with music. Here - they hit a rusty sheet with a sledgehammer, Driving people to work.

• There - the graceful Belvedere, There - the spirit of the arts is healthy and ardent. And here - a fascist officer With a grin aims at the back of the head. There - the Muses went to the parade, Here - everywhere there is a statue of death. Sounds nice - Buchenwald?! What a terrible name!

• PEOPLE OF THE WORLD,
• STAND UP FOR A MINUTE!!!

• After the Second World War in German
• the city of Nuremberg held a judicial
• trial of top military
• Nazi criminals. For the first time in
• Human history military
• crimes against humans were
• called crimes against
• humanity. The process continued
• almost a year, from November 20, 1945 to 1
• October 1946. Nazi
• criminals were accused of unleashing
• World War II, extermination
• million innocent people
• killing of prisoners of war and civilians
• population, in the creation of concentration camps and cruel
• treatment of prisoners of war and many
• other crimes.
• They were accused of genocide, especially against
• Jewish population and Slavic.
• Nearly all the defendants were admitted
• guilty and sentenced to various kinds
• punishment.

• The main prosecutor from the USSR R.A. Rudenko

"Babi Yar", Anatoly Kuznetsov "Without Destiny", Imre Kertes "Spark of Life", Erich Maria Remarque "Boy in Striped Pajamas", John Boyne "Pianist. Warsaw Diaries 1939-1945", Vladislav Szpilman "Schindler's List", Thomas Kenally "Asylum. A Diary in Letters", Anne Frank "The Holocaust", Gerald Green "The Reader", Bernhard Schlink "Jacob the Liar", Jurek Becker

• "Babi Yar", Anatoly Kuznetsov "Without Destiny", Imre Kertes "Spark of Life", Erich Maria Remarque "Boy in Striped Pajamas", John Boyne "Pianist. Warsaw Diaries 1939-1945", Vladislav Szpilman "Schindler's List", Thomas Kenally "Asylum. A Diary in Letters", Anne Frank "The Holocaust", Gerald Green "The Reader", Bernhard Schlink "Jacob the Liar", Jurek Becker

• "Over the memory of these troubled years"
• It costs another six millionth groan.
• Sometimes oblivion. But it's not there, it's not there.
• And in silence float only groans, groans, groans.
• Every day, the Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial Museum welcomes up to 8,000 visitors. They leave, taking with them an indelible impression.

• YAD VASHEM (Disaster Museum)

Tolkachev Zinovy ​​Shenderovich (1903 -1977)

• Tolkachev Zinovy ​​Shenderovich (1903 -1977)
• The albums "Majdanek" and "Flowers of Auschwitz" on behalf of the Polish government were sent to the heads of the four great powers of the anti-Hitler coalition, the ministers of the allied states, and military leaders.

Visited the Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum

• Visited the Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum
• From the interview “…Here is the Auschwitz Museum. Those gates. As soon as I began to drive up to this place - I experienced shock, horror ... In the same place, touch any stone - it will respond with pain.
• Working on this cycle meant overcoming a huge internal resistance. After all, writing about suffering means suffering yourself. But the topic was already born against my will ... "

Is it possible to repeat something like this?

• Is it possible to repeat something like this?
• Is it possible to look at today's world through the prism of the Holocaust? Whether it is necessary?
• Maybe we will never be able to understand what the Holocaust was in reality, but this limitation or deficiency cannot free us from a sense of moral responsibility. Our commitment is not to answer, but to keep trying to answer.
• The lessons of the past, alas, are forgotten today. We have a problem in Russia intolerance in last years becomes very serious. Have you heard about skinheads who kill innocent people just because that they did not like the color of the skin or the shape of the eyes. Not like theirs. It's called xenophobia.
• Necessary!
• To recognize the disease in time!

• You have to learn to resist this.
• On November 16, the world celebrates World Day tolerance.
• And today the world is again sitting on a powder keg, and it costs nothing light the wick. Who will be called the enemy now? Plague vaccination nationalism can be only one - the education of tolerance.
• What is tolerance?
• Tolerance (from Latin tolerantia - patience) is manifested in tolerance for strangers opinions, beliefs, behavior. Tolerance is a moral quality of a person or a state of social mores, characterized by restraint. moral assessments, a non-aggressive way of perceiving moral and social evil, the desire to take into account the interests of other people and peoples.

Clouds roam over the planet Like captives in captivity. In the stuffy air, heated, I hear the sounds of pain. These are the souls of the Holocaust, Whose scattered bones, What were left without a churchyard, Moaning, asking to visit us. They ask to be warmed, And washed and clothed, And betrayed their native land, And whispered a prayer. And somewhere in the expanse of the sky, the shadows of the ghetto quietly roam, Like stars in the sky, Only the rabbi is not with them. Quietly, casually and simply, The souls of the Holocaust roam... July 2007

• Clouds roam over the planet Like captives in captivity. In the stuffy air, heated, I hear the sounds of pain. These are the souls of the Holocaust, Whose scattered bones, What were left without a churchyard, Moaning, asking to visit us. They ask to be warmed, And washed and clothed, And betrayed their native land, And whispered a prayer. And somewhere in the expanse of the sky, the shadows of the ghetto quietly roam, Like stars in the sky, Only the rabbi is not with them. Quietly, casually and simply, The souls of the Holocaust roam... July 2007

I found the answer for myself. This measure is HUMAN MEMORY, which says:

• I found the answer for myself. This measure is HUMAN MEMORY, which says:
• Man is the measure of all things. Protagoras reminds each of us:
• How much can one say about how a person should be. It's time to become one! Marcus Aurelius
• makes us:
• To be human means to feel that you are responsible for everything. Saint Exupery
• conjures us:
• Man must be holy to man. Seneca

The Holocaust is unthinkable, a millionfold

• The Holocaust is unthinkable, a millionfold
• compressed horror. About him it is necessary to write natural, cutting ear and soul,
• grasping the heart and
• etched in memory, language.

"Buchenwald", Mark Lutsky (http://www.poezia.ru/article.php?sid=61353)

• "Buchenwald", Mark Lutsky (http://www.poezia.ru/article.php?sid=61353)
• World Holocaust Forum ( http://www.worldholocaustforum.org/rus/history/5/)
• "The Souls of the Holocaust" Anatoly Zusman (http://emigrantforum.ru/archive/index.php/t-4369.html)
• Holocaust deniers (http://www.jerusalem-korczak-home.com/bib/aisensharf/alla.html)
• Holocaust - Eyewitness Accounts/Personal History ( http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/ru/gallery.php?ModuleId=10005143&MediaType=OI)
• The Holocaust in Fine Arts. (http://www.holocf.ru/pages/51)
• https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82
• Encyclopedia of the Holocaust (http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/ru/article.php?ModuleId=10007871)
• http://fcit.coedu.usf.edu/holocaust/resource/gallery/Olere.htm

holocaust

Doing Before and during the Second World War, there were many tragic, cruel and horrific events for all mankind! One of these is genocide or the Holocaust - the extermination of certain groups of the population along racial, national, ethnic or religious grounds. Today everyone knows what was done in relation to the Slavic peoples and, especially, to the Jews by Nazi Germany. Persecution, cruel abuse, torture and murder - all this was applied to innocent people. The Jewish population of Europe was destroyed by tens of thousands and even millions! Cruelty, hatred and ruthlessness of the Nazis is striking in its scope! The destruction of entire races of people was the main task of the Nazis. There are many opinions, conjectures and facts about the Holocaust during the Second World War. Its consequences are a huge imprint in the life of all mankind! This topic cannot be ignored, and therefore we want to talk about the events of that period, and perhaps dispel your doubts. holocaust

• The Holocaust (from the English holocaust, - "burnt offering") - the systematic persecution and extermination of Jews by German Nazis and collaborators from other countries on the basis of Nazi racial theory in 1933-1945. There is disagreement among historians on the question of whether to classify as victims of the Holocaust, in addition to Jews, any other groups that suffered from Nazi terror, such as gypsies and sexual minorities.

Distinguishing Features of the Holocaust

• A deliberate attempt to exterminate an entire nation, including men, women and children, resulting in the destruction of 60% of the Jews of Europe and approximately 35% of the Jewish population of the world.

• A system designed for mass extermination of people: death camps were built, designed to kill millions of people; while the destruction technology improved.

• The grandiose, transnational scale of extermination: throughout the German-occupied territory of Europe, the victims were persecuted and sent to concentration camps and extermination camps.

• The brutal and often fatal inhumane medical experiments carried out by the Nazis on victims of the Holocaust.

Genocide Jewish people Shoah - The Catastrophe of European Jewry

• Shoah (Hebrew שׁוֹאָה‎ - disaster, catastrophe) is a term used by Jews in Hebrew to refer to the German Nazis' policy of systematic destruction of the Jewish ethnic group. Traditionally, 6 million Jews in Europe are considered victims of the Shoah. However, there is no complete list of victims by name. By the end of the war, the Nazis were even destroying traces of the death camps; evidence has been preserved of the removal or destruction of the already buried remains of people before the arrival of Soviet troops. The National Holocaust (Shoah) and Heroic Memorial "Yad Vashem" in Jerusalem houses personal documents testifying to approximately 3 million victims.

The position of the Jews in Germany in 1933-1939

• Despite the clearly discriminatory policy towards Jews, the genocide did not begin immediately after the Nazis came to power. The persecution began with a boycott of Jews on April 1, 1933, and a subsequent wave of racial laws targeting Jews who worked in government offices or in certain professions. The "Nuremberg Law" of September 15, 1935 ended the equality of Jews in Germany and defined Jewry in racial terms. At the beginning of 1939, Hitler instructed Hermann Goering, "responsible for the 4-year plan", to prepare measures for the expulsion of the Jews of Germany. The outbreak of World War II not only increased their number, but also complicated the paths for legal emigration.

The position of the Jews during the war

• Ghetto
In large cities, Jewish ghettos were created, where the entire Jewish population of the city and its environs were driven. The largest ghetto was created in Warsaw, containing up to 480,000 Jews.
• Mass executions
• "The Final Solution to the Jewish Question"
Jews from Germany, France, Holland, and Belgium were sent east, to the camps and ghettos of Poland and Belarus, telling them about the temporality of such a resettlement. In Poland, death camps were created that were not designed for living at all a large number people - only for the rapid destruction of new arrivals.

Holocaust in North Africa

• Holocaust in North Africa
From 1940 to 1942, French North Africa (Algeria and Tunisia) was under the control of the Vichy collaborationist government. In Algeria and Tunisia, Jews immediately began to be persecuted in exactly the same way as it happened in Nazi-occupied Europe - they were deprived of civil rights and earning opportunities, they were forced to attach yellow stars to their clothes, they created Judenrats, they were driven to forced labor, they were driven into concentration camps and ghettos, imposed indemnities, began to prepare for deportation to death camps.
• End of the war
When the inevitability of the defeat of Germany was no longer in doubt, some Nazi leaders tried to use the Jews to establish contact with the Allies, while others (primarily Hitler) continued to demand the total destruction of those who still remained alive.

Resistance and Righteous Among the Nations

• The lack of clear information about the plans of the Nazis for the total destruction of the Jewish people led to the fact that the inhabitants of the ghetto tried to fulfill the requirements of the invaders, trying to survive. Notorious was the speech of the head of the Lodz ghetto, H. Rumkowski, demanding that Jewish children be handed over to the Nazis in the hope of saving the rest of the inhabitants. Only after the outcome became completely clear did uprisings begin in the camps and ghettos; the most famous uprising in the Warsaw ghetto in January 1943. The active center of resistance was the Minsk ghetto. The ghetto in Bialystok, containing at the beginning 50,000 Jews, was liquidated on August 16, 1943, after five days of fighting with the Jewish underground.

Consequences of the Shoah Of the Polish Jews, about 300 thousand survived: 25 thousand escaped in Poland, 30 thousand returned from forced labor camps, and the rest are those who returned from the USSR. Destruction Jewish life, the devastation and explosion of anti-Semitism, which peaked with the pogrom in Kielce in July 1946, forced the majority of Polish Jews to leave the country, going to Central Europe. After 1946, only 50,000 Jews remained in Poland. Not only people were destroyed - the unique local Jewish culture was destroyed, the memory that it had been for centuries was destroyed. integral part cultures of Eastern Europe. There is practically no evidence of this. Jews in these lands, once the center of world Jewry, have become a marginal minority. In a sense, the Nazis were successful in their task of finally solving the Jewish question. Other peoples and groups - victims of Nazi policy

• Slavs
• Poles
• gypsies
• Black people in Germany
• Homosexuals

Holocaust denial There is a point of view according to which the Holocaust as a phenomenon did not exist in the form in which it is described by conventional historiography. The UN General Assembly, without a vote, in Resolution No. 60/7 of November 21, 2005, rejects any total or partial denial of the Holocaust as a historical event. And on January 26, 2007, on the eve of International Holocaust Remembrance Day, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution No. 61/255 “Holocaust Denial”, condemning the denial of the Holocaust as a historical fact. . Memory of the Holocaust The UN General Assembly proclaimed January 27, the day of the liberation of Auschwitz, International Holocaust Remembrance Day. On the day of the 60th anniversary of the Holocaust, the European Parliament adopted a resolution condemning the Holocaust. The leaders and representatives of more than 40 states who attended the memorial ceremony at Auschwitz, including Vladimir Putin, strongly condemned the Holocaust, anti-Semitism and xenophobia. Holocaust in art An important point in preserving the memory of the people of the Holocaust and the need to prevent such a tragedy in the future is the artistic interpretation of the Holocaust in literature, cinema, music, and the visual arts. This topic is most emotionally disclosed in the cinema. The first of the films that told about the horror of Auschwitz and the Holocaust was the Polish film The Last Stage (1946). Among the most striking films devoted to this topic are: The Pianist, Schindler's List, Night and Fog, Sophie's Choice, Life is Beautiful. Holiday Holocaust Some of us shaved our beards Others indulged in measured oblivion. The UN-established Holocaust holiday was approaching - Day of International Mutual Annihilation. The hour has come, people have spilled onto the streets. Conversations and festive chants... They go to visit, drink, kiss - The world is agonizing with joy... Behind the barbed wire the wolves grin All eyes turned to the sky. Death will come from there today Covering the planet with a hot blanket of fire... On the clock - countdown The buttons on the remotes have already been pressed Holocaust! - yells another body-savior Holocaust!!! - echoes the world, embraced by madness ... morning rain The sky is crying Funeral rain Autumn winter... Forever. Wind Like a hyena Laughing and howling biting into Into the rotting meat of the earth. She died. The doctors stated Profuse blood loss From a thousand wounds inflicted Her own children... The perpetrators committed Mass Self-immolation. Why?... About it now Someone will ask... Anatoly Finkel Conclusion “...Let the chains of Death drown forever, So that their funeral ringing Does not freeze, And the laughter of children glorifies happiness - The life that Freedom warms, So that, upon waking up, Not through the lattice To see the sky and the trees of the crown, So that, without fear, the palms of mothers Hold life Like particles of the Sun! Shivaz

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Donetsk People's Republic Department of Education Administration of the City of Donetsk Donetsk Secondary School of 1-3 levels No. 53 of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Donetsk People's Republic Holocaust Donetsk 2016 Sokol Maria Kaluga Yaroslav

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Get up soon, child, don't lie on the road, Even if it's a sunny, warm, probably day. Get up, step back and sit down on the threshold, Passing to death there was a step. Who are you boy? Jew, Belarusian, Ukrainian? The ghetto will take anyone's body into itself. There, in heaven, a gift is prepared for you, Do not rush, a quiet voice will call you. What did you see in the moments of your last life - White tablecloth, sweet cheesecake paradise? Memory requires, requires remembering the feast of All children taken away to a stinking barn.

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The Holocaust (from the English Holocaust "burnt offering") is the persecution and extermination by German Nazis and collaborators from other countries of the Jewish people and numerous representatives of other minorities who were subjected to discrimination, atrocities and brutal murders.

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Victims of the Holocaust Shoah - the catastrophe of the Jewish people Shoah (Hebrew - disaster, catastrophe) is a term used by Jews in Hebrew and less often in some other languages ​​to refer to the policy of the German Nazis for the systematic destruction of the Jewish ethnic group. A deliberate attempt to exterminate an entire nation, including men, women and children, resulting in the destruction of 60% of the Jews of Europe and about a third of the Jewish population of the world. In addition, from a quarter to a third of the gypsy people were also destroyed, black citizens of Germany were also subjected to total extermination, about 3 million Soviet prisoners of war were killed mentally ill and disabled.

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On January 30, 1933, Hitler became Chancellor. On June 15, 1938, about one and a half thousand Jews were first imprisoned in concentration camps. By order of Heinrich Himmler on April 27, 1940, the Auschwitz concentration camp was created. On June 14, 1940, the first transport was brought here - 728 Poles. On the territory of Poland, the Czech Republic, Latvia and other Eastern European countries, there were also camps Majdanek, Salaspils and many others. There were about 14,000 concentration camps. The tightening of measures against the Jews became less urgent during periods of internal struggle in the Nazi Party and the Olympic Games in Berlin. The events developed more rapidly after that. The peak of persecution fell on the all-German pogrom that took place at the end of the same year, known as Kristallnacht, the annexation of Austria and the division of Czechoslovakia.

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The second stage of the Holocaust - September 1939 - June 1941. It begins with the division of Poland, the creation of ghettos and concentration camps on its territory, and the prohibition of emigration. It was then that distinctive signs appeared on the clothes of the Jews. It is no coincidence that in July 1940 the German Foreign Ministry rejected a plan to resettle 4 million Jews in Europe to Madagascar - the "final solution of the Jewish question" was approaching. In less than two years, the Germans captured Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Yugoslavia and Greece. The persecution of Jews intensified in Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Croatia, Bulgaria, North Africa and Italy. Every concentration camp prisoner had such numbers.

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The time frame for the third stage is June 1941 - autumn 1943. The preparation of the war with the USSR required the development of a plan for the mass destruction of "undesirable elements". The Jews were subject to destruction in the first place, as "carriers of Bolshevism." Responsibility for the implementation of the plans was assigned to the Reichsführer SS G. Himmler, who acted through the RSHA, headed by R. Heydrich, and after his assassination in 1942 - E. Kaltenbrunner. Planning was concentrated in the Gestapo - IV department of the RSHA, where a department for Jewish affairs (IV B4) was created, headed by A. Eichmann.

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The fourth and final stage of the Holocaust took place during the period when the defeat of Germany became inevitable - the winter of 1943 - May 1945. In 1943, trying to maneuver, Himmler ordered the use of the labor of the surviving Jews in the interests of waging war. He later offered to release some of them in exchange for political concessions, including the possibility of negotiating a separate peace with the West, or for a ransom. The advance of Soviet troops to the west forced the SS men to liquidate the last ghettos and camps and begin to cover up the traces of their crimes.

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In official documents, the German authorities and the leadership of the National Socialist Party, who in public called a spade a spade, observed the rules of allegory and euphemisms adopted in diplomatic practice. The protocol of the Wannsee Conference of 1942 does not contain the terms "exile", "extermination", "forced labor", "death from exhaustion". The massacre of the Jews is indicated in it and in the decisions, orders and instructions based on it with the words “resettlement”, “evacuation to the East”, “final solution of the Jewish question”, “use at work”, “natural screening”. This was very useful to the Nazis later - at the trials of war criminals.

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Holocaust in the USSR About three million - half of all victims of the Holocaust - were citizens of the USSR.

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The Nuremberg trials After the war, those responsible for the crimes committed during the Holocaust were put on trial. The German city of Nuremberg was chosen as the venue for the trials. Hearings in the case of twenty-two major Nazi criminals were conducted by Allied judges - Great Britain, France, the USSR and the USA. Twelve defendants were sentenced to death.

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By the beginning of the war, the number of concentration camp prisoners amounted to 25 thousand people, by March 1942 it had grown to 100 thousand, and in 1944, when camps for Hungarian Jews were created in Austria, it reached a million. The number of guards was 45 thousand people, including 35 thousand SS men from the "Dead Head" units. The rest of the contingent was made up of employees of auxiliary units - Ukrainians, Lithuanians, etc. The camps were a major economic mechanism - the profit from the labor of prisoners, amounting to hundreds of millions of Reichsmarks, was one of the main sources of income for the SS. Concentration camp prisoners formed 40% of the workforce of the I. G. Farbenindustry, Krupp, Thyssen, Flick and Siemens. The maintenance of a prisoner cost 70 pfennigs a day, the profit was six marks. For the nine months that a prisoner survived on average in concentration camps (not counting the death camps), he brought 1631 Reichsmarks to the SS. And this is without taking into account the income from the industrial use of corpses and the value of property confiscated before imprisonment!

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One of the most effective tools of the Holocaust was the Einsatzgruppen, which carried out massacres of Jews, Gypsies, prisoners of war and civilians. The first of these special forces were created on the eve of the Anschluss of Austria. Before the invasion of Poland, six Einsatzgruppen were formed. Before the attack on the USSR - four. Einsatzgruppe "A" consisted of about 1 thousand soldiers and officers of the SS under the command of SS Standartenführer Dr. F. W. Stolecker. Einsatzgruppe "B" - 655 people under the command of SS Brigadeführer and Police General A. Neve. Einsatzgruppe "C" - 600 SS men under the command of Standartenführer E. O. Rasch. Einsatzgruppe "D" - 600 people under the command of SS Standartenführer Professor O. Ohlendorf.

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By the spring of 1943, the Einsatzgruppen, with the active assistance of local police units, killed 1,250,000 Jews, hundreds of thousands of Poles, Gypsies and representatives of other nationalities on the territory of the USSR. When in 1943 the Nazi authorities began to carry out a program to cover up the traces of their crimes, for this they had to provide a special Sonderkommando 1005, which organized the burning of corpses in places of mass executions. According to the census data, on July 16, 1933, 503.9 thousand Jews lived in Germany. By the middle of 1943, Germany was declared "cleansed of Jews", "Judenrhein", although on September 1, 1944, 14,574 Jews lived in the country who were not imprisoned in camps. The number of Jews killed in Germany and perished there as a result of persecution is estimated at 160-180 thousand.

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By March 13, 1938, when Germany carried out the Anschluss by annexing Austria, the Jewish population of this country was 181,778 thousand people (according to the Nuremberg Laws - about 220 thousand). The number of Austrian Jews who died during the disaster is estimated at 70,000. The victims of the Shoah are 6 million Jews in Europe. This number figured in the hearings at the Nuremberg trials. However, there is no complete list of victims by name. By the end of the war, the Nazis were even destroying traces of the death camps; evidence has been preserved of the removal or destruction of the already buried remains of people before the arrival of Soviet troops. The National Holocaust (Shoah) and Heroic Memorial "Yad Vashem" in Jerusalem houses personal documents testifying to approximately 3 million victims.

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In some cases, high-ranking Germans used their capabilities to help the Jews. Of these saviors, the most famous is Oskar Schindler, a German businessman who saved more than a thousand Jews from the Plaszow camp by arranging them to work in his factory. Among the "Righteous of the World" there are diplomats and civil officials. Among the most famous are Aristides Sousa Mendes (Portugal), Chiune Sugihara (Japan) and Paul Gruninger (Switzerland), who risked their careers to save the Jews. The Chinese consul general in Vienna, He Fengshan, issued thousands of visas to the Jews for Singapore and other countries. An employee of the Iranian embassy in Paris, Abdul-Hussein Sadri, also rescued Jews in Nazi-occupied Paris, issuing them about three thousand Iranian visas. As of January 1, 2010, according to the Yad Vashem Institute, 23,226 saviors have been identified, who have been awarded the honorary title of Righteous Among the Nations.

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The Holocaust in our region (Donetsk region) “... at the end of February 1942, a representative of the Gestapo Halderberg came from Berlin to the “SD” ... it was decided to create a “ghetto” Jewish community in a certain place, where the entire Jewish population should be resettled, including children and old people. The White Quarry was chosen as the place of the ghetto ... ”- from the protocol of interrogation by A.A. Eichmann dated April 28, 1946.

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The monument is located in the Leninsky district of Donetsk, in the area that used to be called the White Quarry. During the Great Patriotic War, there was a Jewish ghetto on the territory of the White Quarry, it contained 3 thousand Jewish families, all of them were killed by the Nazis. The initiative to create the monument came from the "Ukraine-Israel" society. The authors of the monument are sculptor Yuri Ivanovich Baldin and architect Pavel Isaakovich Vigdergauz. “Here, in the White Quarry, during the Nazi occupation, there was a Jewish ghetto. From here began the last mournful journey to the mine shafts of 4-4-bis thousand Jews - old people and children, men and women. Eternal memory to those who died innocently at the hands of the Nazis. Steps lead to the monument on which prints of different legs are made: shod and barefoot. Funds for the construction of the monument were collected through donations.