All Pope Roman. Pope - Head of the Catholic Church: His place and role in history. Higher positions in the church hierarchy

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The independent city-State of the Vatican was founded in accordance with the Lateran Agreement between the Italian state and the Roman Catholic Church in 1929. It is located on the right shore in the western part.

The Vatican is the smallest state in the world and there are all the highest governing bodies of the Roman Catholic Church, including the residence of Pope Roman. Its area is only 0.44 square kilometers. The population is multinational and consists of 1000 people.

The name of the city-state occurred from the name on which it is located - Vaticanus. In the perimeter, the territory of the Vatican is surrounded by medieval walls.

On the territory itself there are palace complexes, Vatican gardens, art galleries, museums and various administrative buildings. Formally border with Italy passes through the Saint Peter's Square. However, it is not marked on the ground. According to the principle of extraterritoriality, some objects located on the Italian side belong to the Vatican. These include, Santa Maria Di Gallery Radio Station, Summer Papal Residence in Castel Gandolfo. In addition, a number of educational institutions are also subordinate to the Vatican. Among them, the University of Pope Urban, founded in 1927, the University of St. Thomas Aquinas, founded in 1909, and a number of others.

Square and St. Peter Cathedral

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Thousands of tourists and pilgrims arrive in the Vatican every year. They all want to get a papal blessing and see with their own eyes unique monuments of architecture and history. The twenty-fivethimeter Egyptian obelisk rises in the center of the largest Rome Square - St. Peter's Square.

The size of the area is 340 meters 240 meters. The unique monument on the square is the Saint Peter's Cathedral, built on the project Donato Bramante. Colonnade Around the area of \u200b\u200b284 columns was created. The facade of the Cathedral was designed by Carlo Madern. Current creation. Cathedral of St. Peter was recognized as the greatest creation of world architecture.

Vatican Palaces form the largest museum complex in the world. In their numerous galleries, exhibition halls, courtyards are invaluable works of art. This wealth was going throughout the centuries by each Roman pontiff. The Vatican Library stores the richest collection of books and ancient manuscripts. In the Siskstinsky hall there is a handwritten bible dated to the 4th century.

On September 29, 2019, Papa Francis opened a monument to migrants on the square, it is in the left side of the colonnade.

The Sistine Chapel

It was built by the architect of J. de Dolch at the end of the 15th century on the orders of Pope Sicsta IV. From the inside the Dome of Capella is painted by the famous Michelangelo frescoes, which are a bright attraction of the Vatican.

Sicstinskaya Capella is constantly open to visiting, in addition to the time when the procedure for electing a new dad is underway. By tradition, if the congregation of the Cardinals comes to a common opinion, then the results of the voting reports a pave of smoke from the chapel pipe from the burned bulletins. What if the decision is not accepted, then the color of smoke is black, and if accepted, and the dad is elected, then white.

Gardens

The Gardens of the Vatican are among the most protected places in the world. These are the most beautiful gardens in Europe and a place where you can have a perfectly rest, of course, only chosen, in silence and greens. 20 gardeners permanently take care of the gardens. There are many fountains, but the most impressive is the Galeon Fountain, built in the XVII century. This is a reduced copy of Italian galleon, which shoots water from 16 guns. Pope Urban VII glorified this work of art is very wise phrase, which in the Latin sounds like this: "The car for warfare, belonging to the dad, shoots not fire, and water that carries the flame of war."

Citizenship

Vatican citizenship is not easy at all. As of 2013, among 1100 inhabitants, only half had Vatican citizenship, including 61 Cardinal and all members Swiss Guard. At the same time, each Cardinal coming here receives a temporary residence permit. Citizenship is also obtained only by the foundations of the Catholic Church of the Dad's environment.

What is interesting, all Vatican passports are diplomatic - to citizens of the Vatican in all countries refer to church diplomats.

The rest of the Vatican residents albeit on its territory, but still have a little limited access to the Vatican shops and trading houses. It is worth noting that all Vatican citizens have double citizenship - also the country from where they come from. The remaining 3000 employees of the Vatican are residents of Rome.

Vatican Historical Museum

It is rather the Museum of the Military History of the City-State Vatican than general history. In the weapon department, you can get acquainted with various collections of weapons, from vintage sabers from Venice to Muskets made by Remington factory.

Pharmacy

Located immediately near the gate of St. Anne, the Vatican pharmacy is the oldest in the world. It was founded in 1277. Developed to sell rare medicines, which sometimes it is difficult to find in Italian pharmacies. Some medicines here have other packaging. It realizes about 6,000 recipes monthly.

Fire station

There were no fires in the palace for more than a century, but just in case there are 20 firefighters duty in the Vatican 24 hours, which are at the disposal of 3 fire cars.

Vatican railway

Most likely, this is the shortest railway line in the world. It does not have a clear schedule of movement, and its length is only 900 meters. But still, it is connected to Italian railways, and in a special car for dad there is a kitchen, a balcony and a bedroom.

Library

The library is more than one million books and as much manuscripts. Pope, naturally, has the right to take any book you like for an unlimited period.

Supermarket

In the Vatican, only one supermarket, and the right to make purchases in it are only people who have a special passion of Diresco, issued by the governor of the city. It is not surprising that it is very popular among the relatives of the inhabitants of the Vatican, which can legally talk to there, as prices are much lower there than in Roman stores. Known under the name "Annona", the supermarket is located next to Via San Giovanni di Dio, immediately behind the pharmacy. Opening hours: on weekdays from 7.00 to 18.00, on Saturday to noon.

Vatican trading house

Most recently, he was transferred to the building of the former railway station. Here you can find a wide range of products from the most modern TVs and expensive hand-held hours to electronic cigarettes, which are cheaper at 20-30% than the territory of the Vatican.

post office

Mail Department is based in the Vatican in the XIV century. This is a commercial and very profitable organization, mainly due to the sale of commemorative brands. Mail delivers about 8 million letters and postcards annually and has a reputation functioning much better than Italian.

Gas station

On the territory of the Vatican there are several gas stations, but the most popular is the one that is located in the south of St. Peter's Square. Not taxable fuel here is 30% cheaper than in Italy. The right to refuel here only have individuals with special permissions.

Square: 44 hectares
The length of the state border is 3 kilometers
Bypass around the Vatican you can approximately in an hour
Population: 1100 permanent residents, of which 95% are men
Official language: Latin
ATMs: Vatican ATMs are the only in the world, where the main language used on the screen is Latin
All times are: Middle Eastern
Phone code: 0-03906
There are no traffic lights in the Vatican
Vatican citizens do not pay Italian taxes, even if they live in Rome
No aircraft can break the airspace of the Vatican
The Vatican has its own domain zone on the Internet.VA. Official website: www.vatican.va

Pope Rimsky

Pope is the head of church and the heir of St. Peter - the most important symbol of Catholicism for more than a billion believers around the world. He is also the "CEO" of the Church, which is responsible for the order within the organization, existing 2000 years. Finally, he manages the Vatican - the city-state, which is the property of the church. This is a huge responsibility.

Nationality Pop

List of 264 dads, heirs of St. Peter (if you are accurate 262, since Benedict IX was elected three times in the times of the medieval church), contains: 205 Italians (106 Romans), 19 French, 14 Greeks, 8 Syrians, 6 Germans , 3 Africans, 2 Spaniards and one Austrian, Pole, Palestinian, British and Dutchman.

Answers to the most popular questions about Pope Roman

Who was the longer all the Pope Roman?

The longest, within 32 years, managed this organization Pius IX. The shortest period, 4 days, in this position was Papa Stefan II, because of the attack of apoplexy died even before coronation.

What does dad eat?

The preparation of food for dad is engaged in 5 sisters of laws, which, at wish, make up a special menu. For example, Jan Paul II loved the simple Polish dishes very much. Regularly ate for dinner dumplings and Zurek, and for dessert a grandmother pie. Most of the vegetables and dairy products comes from the summer residence of Pope - Castel Gandolfo Castle. While most biscupps and cardinals can be seen in the best Roman restaurants, Pope is difficult to submit such a luxury.

Addresses of the most popular Vatican citizens of Roman restaurants:

II MOZZICONE (Borgio Rio 180; Tel. 06 686 1500). Known beautiful traditional Roman cuisine such as, for example, Fettuccine Al Ragu.
Velando (Borgo V. Horio 26; Tel. 06 6880 9955). Favorite restaurant Cardinals, offering modern Italian dishes, such as strawberry or vegetable strudel with frogs.
Taverna Angelica (Piazza Amerigo Capponi 6; TEL.06 687 4514). The specialization of this restaurant is fish, you can also find a large selection of cheeses here.

Who sews clothes for dad?

Before it becomes elected new dad on the conclusion, three white outfits are prepared in different sizes: small, medium and large. The wardrobe for the new dad is sewn and carries out as quickly as it is possible. Over the years, the official sewing workshop was Ditta A. Gammatelli, located in the very center of Rome. The local masters manually sewed all the elements of the papal wardrobe. The new Pope Benedict XVI changed the workshop, and now his clothes sew Raniero Mancinelli, engaged in tailoring for 40 years.

What is the dad's day plan?

Day begins at 5.30, Dad dresses with a personal championer.
After prayer in a personal droplet, dad conducts service for the nearest associates and specially invited guests.
Breakfast begins at about 8 hours. Like most Italians and residents of Rome, Dad loves it in Italian, and the menu is at their own request. For example, Yang Paul II loved for breakfast sausages, and Benedict Xiii often ordered a dish of eggs, which in his honor was called Bennedictov's scrambled eggs.

The plan of the day also contains important meetings with many biscupps, which are in the Apostolic Palace from different countries of the world to the meetings drop away every 5 years called Ad Limina. During these meetings, they visit the Vatican and are found with the dad on the audience. Also, dad holds regular meetings with the Roman clergy.
Lunch passes around noon, Usually it has the nature of the worker combined with meetings with the Roman administration. What is not surprising, for lunch is often served.
Time from 14 to 16 hours is usually intended for the siesta traditional for the southern countries of the afternoon rest. Dad, of course, can work at this time, as Yang Paul II did, but it is not particularly worth it for supporting colleagues at this time.
Dinner starts around 18.00. Dad can dinner alone, as Dad's Pope XII did, or in the company of invited guests as Yang Paul I and II.
About 23.00 dad goes to sleep after evening prayer.

Dad-Mobile

Thanks to this one of the most famous and beloved cars with many people, hundreds of thousands of believers have the opportunity at least a few minutes to look at the dad into live. The first car of this type was manufactured by Land Rover after the attempt in 1982 on Pope Yana Paul II. After some time, Mercedes Benz was already designed a car with dad protecting from all sides by bulletproof glasses so that the Holy Father could bless Catholic crowds. Today, in different countries of the world, the arrival of the head of the Catholic Church is about 20 dad mobiles, of which 6 are constantly in the garages of the Vatican.

What is the fuel consumption of dad-mobile?

Fuel consumption, if it comes to dad mobile, not the most important characteristic - much more important is safety. Of course, the consumption is spinning from the model. Although, if you consider that the average weight of such a car is about 4 tons, it can be taken that the consumption will be comparable to Hummer H2 (which weighs about as much), or more than 20 liters per 100 kilometers.

What is the registration number of dad-mobile?

Each dad mobile has the same registration number: SCV 1, which means Stato Delli Citta Del Vaticano (Vatican State City). License plate has white background color with red letters; All other license plates have black letters.

Facts and figures about papamobils

Swiss Guard

The Swiss Guard was founded in 1506 by Pope Julia II (Juliano della Rover), who really liked the Swiss army. For his guard, he discharged 150 Swiss soldiers. Julius II, called among the environment of the fighter, even sent the guard to the battle with the French occupied Italy in front of its association.

The guard was almost completely destroyed during the defeasions of Rome by the German and Spanish mercenaries sent by King Carl V in 1527. During the assault of the Vatican, with his defense at the steps of St. Peter's Cathedral, 147 Guardsmen died, which was 3/4 of the newly enlarged composition, including their leader, together with his wife, who saw her husband's death, herself took his weapon and fought until herself was not Died at the entrance to the basil. The remaining guardsmen helped to carry out Pope Clementat VII and Thirteen Cardinals safe escape in the Castle of the Holy Angel.

Stunning brown costumes came up with one Vatican seamstress on the order of Benedict XV in 1914. Most likely, it was inspired by one of the images (Raffaello Santi) on the development of such original costumes, which are present similar elements. On the anniversary of the heroic defense of the Vatican on May 6, 1527, the solemn ceremony of the introduction of new members in the guard, which in front of the whole mouth pronounces the oath to the loyalty to the dad.

The candidate for guardsmen should be from 18 to 25 years, he should be about 180 centimeters. After enrollment, recruits learn battle on swords and halabard, just like their predecessors of the time of time. Naturally, they are trained and possession of the most modern weapon, as well as the most advanced anti-terrorist technicians. During the patrol of the Vatican, the Swiss Guard is not wearing a firearms. This ban entered Pavel VI dad in 1970.

Only halabards are used to protect the capital of all apostles. In addition to the honorary profession and a very prestigious record in the employment record, the Guardsmen receive a very decent complaint, which is about 4,000 euros.

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Webcam: Online Broadcast from Vatican

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Pope Francis - the 266th Head of the Catholic Church, which became the first in the history of the Pontiff with New World and Pope-Jesuit. He is known to the world as a multi-faceted, but a very modest person who, in addition to its main duties on the throne, makes a significant contribution to the solution of world problems, and also acts as a mediator in the normalization of relations with the Orthodox clergy in different countries.

Childhood and youth

Pope Francis was born (in the world Jorge Mario Bergolo) on December 17, 1936 in the capital of Argentina Buenos Aires in the family of emigrants of Regina Maria Sivori and Mario Giuseppe Bergolo, Italians by nationality. He became the fifth and last child of the parents who brought up children in love and care, but in strict modesty, since the only family in the family was a father who was a simple railway worker.

ANUARIO COLEGIO DON BOSCO

As a child, the future chapter of the Catholic Church was a generous, kind and generous boy, so I tried to endure all the most valuable from the house and distribute the needy, for which it was repeatedly punished by my parents. Then Mom Jorge Mario Bergolo realized that the son would be God's Chud, because he was visiting absolutely with any person, manifesting kindness without a huggy vanity.

Despite this, Bergolo's first education received in one of the universities Buenos Aires, in which he studied chemistry. Having received a chemist-technologist diploma, Pope Francis entered the seminary and took the male spiritual san the Order of the Roman Catholic Church in 22 years.

The period of obedience (Noviciat) was held in Chile, after which Jorge returned to his hometown and entered the college of St. Joseph, from where he was released by the license (academician) of philosophy.

Until 1969, Bergolo was engaged in teaching activities in the Catholic colleges of Buenos Aires - taught pupils of literature, philosophy and theology. According to Pope, in early youth, until he felt the desire and the ability to attach people to the Church, he had to work as a cleaner, a laboratory and a bouncer in Argentina's nightclub.

Cardinality

At 33, Jorge Mario Bergolo ordained to the priests, after which he continued to teach - became a professor at the Faculty of Theology in San Miguel College. After 10 years, conquering leaders of the Jesuit society with its perfect knowledge, unpretentiousness and perseverance, the future pontiff received an increase to the rector of St. Joseph's seminary, and after 6 years he defended his doctoral dissertation in Germany and was appointed to the post of spiritual director of the Archbishopia of Cordoba.

Casa Rosada.

In 1992, the future chapter of the Catholic Church is dedicated to the bishops, and in 1997 he was appointed a co-student, i.e. the heir to the diocese. Then he showed all his talent of the head, revealed the qualities of the true father of the Church, as well as endless modesty, for which he was erected into the Archbishops of Buenos Aires. In 2001, Archbishop Bergolo received the arrival of the Church of St. Robert Bellarmin and was erected into the Cardinals, becoming higher after the dad the spiritual face of the Catholic Church.

Having reached a kind of church Olympus, the future Pope Francis took several administrative posts in the "ministries" of the Vatican - became a member of the Congregation of the Worship Service and the discipline of the sacraments, became part of the Congregation on the affairs of the clergy and church property, as well as in the Papal Council for Family Affairs.

In 2005, after the death of Pope John Paul II, Cardinal Bergolo was summoned to the Vatican as a papabil (the applicant for the throne), but he could not defeat the head of the head of the Catholic Church of Joseph Ratzinger's head of the Catholic Church.

After that, he was appointed head of the Episcopal Conference of Argentina, which won the international prestige and leadership among the cardinals. In 2013, after the renunciation of Benedict XVI from the papal throne, what happened for the first time in the last 600 years, Cardinal Bergolo again went to Conclave as a candidate and this time became the leader of the vote.

Pope Francis

The intronization of the new Pope took place on March 19, 2013. Cardinal Bergolo accepted the first papacy history of Francis and became the first chapter of the Catholic Church from the New World with the Order of Jesuits. Catholics with a huge delight took the news that their passer was elected modest Cardinal Bergolo from Latin America.

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Pope Francis
Becoming the "president" of the Vatican, Pope Francis still remained unassuming and socially just man. It is very simple to communicate with people and adheres to "the right", according to society, positions on social and moral issues. Washing the high priest feet to migrants, sick AIDS and dinner with homeless people were actively discussed in the press and Internet space.
Meeting Pope with the leaders of South Sudan screwed into shock not only the flock, but also atheists. In front of the media, he sank to his knees and kissed the feet to the President, four vice-presidents and the opposition leader as a sign of gratitude for the signing of a peace treaty, which put the end of 20-year bloodshed in this country.
Read also 7 stars observing the Great Post
The head of the Catholic Church strongly opposes abortion and euthanasia, against, supporting Catholic traditionalism. Nevertheless, his saying has undergone a merciless criticism:
"If someone is a homosexual and is looking for the Lord, while having good intentions, who am I, to condemn them?".
And the speech about the Armenian Genocide, spoken by Dad Francis during the Mass to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the event, caused the indignation of the President of Turkey Recep Erdogan alone only by the use of the term "genocide".

In the Middle Ages there was a struggle for the championship between spiritual power and secular. The emperors actively participated in the choice. A centenary war in France and church split weakened the influence of the Roman dad. Only in 1929, the Pope returned the opportunity to manage the city-state Vatican.

In modern times, the choice of dad occurs at the Cardinal Assembly. Camerelo, which is the temporary chapter of the Cardinal College, announces the death of the precursor. Conclave convenes and the new dad is elected. While the pontiff is not declared, manages the college affairs. The elected dad is changing its name and selects the number. For example, Julius I.

List of recent Roman dads, reignifications (start)

Julius II - 1503. The first dad, who was embarrassed.
Lion x - 1513 at the time of the election did not have a sacred sanator. Died aged 45 years.
Adrian VI - 1522 struggled against the Reformation.
Clement VII - 1523 G. Plotte had many mistakes, failures.
Paul III - 1534 supported and developed science. Trusted astrologers and consulted with them every time he took an important decision.
Julius III - 1550 resumed holidays and carnivals in Rome.
Marcello II - 1555 owned Latin, Greek and Italian. Very erudite. He knew mathematics, architecture, astronomy and much more.
Paul IV - 1555. The most elderly dad at the time of election.
Pei IV - 1559. Friendly and soulful. Founded the first spiritual seminaries.
Pei V - 1566, a harsh identity, leading ascetic lifestyle. Allowed torture and punishment.
Gregory XIII - 1572. The last dad, who has extramarital children. Entered the Gregorian calendar.
Sikst V - 1585 struggled with banditry, dried swamps, led to the street and square, built fountains.
Urban VII - 1590. Fought smoking, died of malaria. The shortest term (13 days).
Gregory XIV - 1590 was quiet and painful.
Innokenty IX - 1591 supported the policy of the Spanish king Philip II.
Clement VIII - 1592 wise statesman. Blessed coffee and promoted the spread of the drink in Europe.
Lion XI - 1605. Nicknamed "dad-zipper". Stayed at the head of the church 28 days.
Pavel V - 1605 began a career path with a lawyer. Strict and decisive, he defended the privileges of the church, sought to preserve the unity of the structure.
Grigory XV - 1621 published Bulla against magicians and witches. Papal elections were carried out by secret ballot.
Urban VIII - 1623. Elegant and judicious, had an exquisite taste. He patronized poets, financed the work of sculptors and artists.
Innocent X - 1644 convicted Jansence.
Alexander VII - 1655 showed interest in architecture projects, which subsequently became masterpieces of the Baroque era.
Clement IX - 1667 was friendly related to people, distributed alms to the poor. Has assumed in the construction of the musical theater.
Clemament X - 1670 called upon to love each other, proving devotion to Most High through trust, generosity and prudence every day.
Innocent XI - 1676 engaged in charitable activities, helping the population during floods and plague. Forbid gambling. He lived modestly.
Alexander VIII - 1689 Returned Avignon.
Innocent XII - 1691. The last dad who wore the beard. Destroyed the practice of kummy.
Clement XI - 1700 G. received a doctoral degree in the field of law (canonical and civil). Thin diplomat and peacemaker. During the reign, the Academy of Painting and Sculpture appeared.
Innocent XIII - 1721, the Board is calm and prosperous.
Benedict XIII - 1724 ascetic in life, he did not know how to manage. He opened the Spanish staircase, was the founder of the University of Kamerino.
Clement XII - 1730. 78-year-old dad, blind and patient, conducted programs for the reconstruction of structures, built a port and advocated the Roman and Orthodox Church to reunite.
Benedict XIV - 1740 patronized scientists and artists.
Clement XIII - 1758. The enemy of the Epoch of Enlightenment. Indecisive and uncertain.
Clement XIV - 1769 adopted the position of reconciliation between secular and church power. Eliminated the Order of Jesuits.
PIY VI - 1775. Speech against the French Revolution was highlighted by the loss of Avignon and the County of Vesessane.
PIY VII - 1800. The contract signed with Napoleon assumed the opportunity to interfere with the activities of the Church (finance, land).
Lion XII - 1823 is noble and modest. Could not evaluate the events of his time.
PIY VIII - 1829 recognized mixed marriages (Catholics and Protestants). Was poisoned.
Grigory XVI - 1831, he was the last detail that was elected dad.
Piy IX - 1846 proclaimed Dogmat about the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary.
Lion XIII - 1878 Doctor of theology, published 88 encyclik.
Pee X - 1903 issued a decree, where it was said that the children were allowed to commute at the age of 7 (instead of 14).

If you analyze the list, then you can see a small period of reign. This is explained by soreness, older age. Some of them, taking a credibility to stand at the chapter, sometimes did not understand the essence of their activities. But wise, competent and far-sighted left a noticeable mark in history and religion. Honor and praise those who thought about the development of the state, conducting reforms and issuing special laws of honor.

266th Pope - non-standard personality. He first chose the name Francis. He has a chemist-technologist. The church did not come immediately. Drinking by humanitarian sciences and having received a scientific degree in philosophy, Jorhe taught in college. In his free time, attended nightclubs and followed the discipline.

Not embarrassed by the work of a laboratory and cleaner, José gradually approached the clergy. Leadership skills helped to achieve their goals. Living modestly in a small apartment, the future dad wanted to achieve justice and equality. When a personal limousine with a driver was relied on the status of Cardinal, the choice was unequivocal - refuse.

Convened conquered in 2013, after the renunciation of Benedict XVI, proclaimed the name of the next Roman dad. They were Jorge Mario Bergolo. The solution of most Argentine bishops showed the prestige of the applicant at the international level. Francis was the first dad from the new light.

The motto for the coat of arms was a line from Matthew, which at the seventeen-year-old young man prompted the desire to live on the commandments of Christ and lead people. It said about ordinary truths: to be useful to everyone, to endure offenses, avoid small honors, not to look for their own benefit and glory.

Pope Roman, list and years of reign - to many this information will seem tedious and irrelevant. But to analyze the activities of the heads of the Catholic Church and simply identify the special features of leading personalities sometimes useful and instructive.

The name of the Roman Pope is a throne name under which Pope is officially known during its pontificate.

The procedure for adopting a name

Nowadays, dad immediately after election on the Conclave and adopting elections announces, under what name will be edited; This name is accompanied by a number (similar to the numbers of monarchs). After that, Cardinal-Protodiakon is publicly in the solemn head of Habemus Papam says, after the worldly name of the new dad: Qui Nomen Sui Imposuit (who accepted the name), then the name and number in the parental case.

Tradition change name

Not always the Roman dad changed the names. The first one was the Mercury, who lived in the 6th century, decided that the name of the pagan God was not suitable for the Pope and the rule under the name of John II; Approximately from the IX century dad, changing names, are already dominated. The last dads that were held under the same name, with which were baptized, were Adrian VI (Adrian Florence, 1522-1523; He is the last Pope Nethetalian until 1978) and Marcelli II (Marcello Cervini, 1555, died shortly after the election). Formally, no rules undertake to do it until now.

Choosing a name and its meaning

The choice of a name often has one or another significant character. First of all, the Pope are trying to choose the name in honor of the representative turn of their predecessors, there are traditional frequency papal names (Lion names, Benedict, Clement, Pius, Grigory, Innokenty met more than 10 times). The name of John - once the most frequency pop and in antipap, after the odious antipaps of John XXIII (Baltazar Kososa), did not take any pontiff until Cardinal Ronkaly, who again took the name John XXIII in 1958. As explained himself Ronkalli, such a choice was associated with the fact that his father was called Giovanni (John).

The name may be an ideological load, so, the papal name of Pei is associated with conservatism (pee IX, PIY X and especially Pei XII); One of the ultra-conservative antipap-sedivacantists Lucian Pulvermacher accepted the name "Fij XIII". The names of John and Paul are associated with the commitment of ideas II of the Vatican Cathedral, conducted by John XXIII and Paul Vi. The name "Benedict" selected by Ratzinger, dad itself interprets as a sign of reverence of St. Benedict of Nurstiesky and continuity towards Pope-diplomat and peacemaker Benedict XV.

According to tradition, Pope never choose the name Peter, which wore the Apostle Peter, considered the first Bishop of Rome (although there are no formal rules prohibiting this). According to the medieval prophecy of the dads, Peter II ("Peter Roman", Petrus Romanus) will be the last dad before the end of the world.

Numbering

The rooms used to distinguish the dads with the same names began to be used from time to time, starting with the Pope Gregory III (731-741), and from the end of the X century such use was constant. When Pope Leve IX (1049-1054), the number first appeared on papal seals. If the papal name has ever encountered once, number I is usually not used.

After the antipaps of John XXIII (Baltazar Cosos), Cardinal Ronkaly again took the name of John XXIII in 1958, thereby emphasizing that Cosovo was not a legitimate dad. Not always, however, the antippa is skipped when the number is selected: for example, although Benedict X, Alexander V and John XVI were antipaps, their numbers are taken into account in the overall numbering order.

In 1978, Cardinal Luciani, who died after 33 days of Pontifitis, accepted the name John Paul I and did this "onomastic revolution." First, he accepted the non-served name with the number I: all other dads with number I was already assigned to the "back number", after the appearance of the tradition to use the numbers, and the last dad to John Paul I, with a previously encountered name, was the right more than a thousand years before him Landon (913-914)). Secondly, for the first time in the history of the papacy, the Pontiff took a double name. Luciani did it in honor of the two closest predecessors - John XXIII and Paul Vi. His successor Cardinal Putylal, the most famous dad of the XX century, took the same name - John Paul II. The current dad, the successor of Cardinal Ratzinger, chose a more traditional throne name - Benedict XVI. Thus, the observed pattern was confirmed, according to which three dads never take the same names in a row.

Frequency list of names

There are papal names that have occurred 5 times or more; Years are indicated when this name was selected for the last time.

* John - 21 times (the maximum number XXIII; John XVI was antipap, John XX did not exist), 1958

* Gregory - 16 times, 1831

* Benedict - 15 times (maximum number XVI; Benedict X was antipap), 2005

* Clement - 14 times, 1769

* Innokenty - 13 times, 1721

* Lion - 13 times, 1878

* Pee - 12 times, 1939

* Stephen - 8 or 9 times (maximum number IX (X); Stephen VII was an antpaiga; double numbering is associated with disagreements about the inclusion in the list of dad Stephen II), 1057

* Bonifacea - 8 times (maximum number IX; Bonifami VII was antipap), 1389

* Urban - 8 times, 1623

* Alexander - 7 times (maximum number VIII; Alexander V was antipap), 1689

* Adrian - 6 times, 1522

* Paul - 6 times, 1963

* Kesetin - 6 times, 1294

* Nikolay - 5 times, 1447

* SIKST - 5 times, 1585

In addition, there were legitimate dads Martin IV and Martin V, but they wore such numbers, because they mistakenly accepted for Martins II and III of two dads named Marin.

4 names met 4 times, 7 names - 3 times, 10 names - 2 times and 43 names - 1 time.

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- I. In mythology designate the most essential part of the mythological system - the characters of the myths. The specificity of mythological texts is such that myths without I. practically do not exist ...
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- 1) Aquila Gallus, called otherwise Julius Akvila, Roman lawyer III century on R. XP., Almost contemporary Ulpiana. From his writings "Responsa" taken two disbuffs in the Digests of Justinian, concerning custody ...
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
- Roman lawyers have a common name of various types of imperial regulations that have received the importance of sources of law during the Principal and Empire ...
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
- S. I was elected during excitement, as a result of which Rome had to leave soon; After seven years, imper. Justinian II returned to him the apostolic throne. S. Retala in the Lono of the Church of the Patriarch Aquilalya ...
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
- Edict in Rome was called any order of the magistrate, declared them orally or in writing to universal reduction ...
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
- § 80. The adjectives are written in a picnly complex names: formed by nouns complicated silent names, for example: plumbing, agricultural, Novosibirsk ...
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- The person's name is the most sweet and most important sound for it in any language. Dale Carnegie does not have such an offensive word that would not be in the surname of a person ...
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Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Jerebilo

"Names of Roman Dad" in books

Prophecy about Roman dads

From the book Great Prophecies Author Korovina Elena Anatolyevna

The prophecy of the Roman dads in 1590 in the library of the Vatican showed a sensational find: an old parchment was played in one of the dust shelves in the far corner, which rolled out something that he had stuffed there, sincerely wanted to make a manuscript

Take care of Roman dads

From the book Love. Liberty. Loneliness. Author Rajnish Bhagwan Sri

Take care of the Roman dads I heard that Dad, addressing Latin America's youth, said: - My dear, beware of the devil. The devil will tempt you by drugs, alcohol and especially sex to marriage. Who is this devil? I never met him, he never tempted

§ 1. Comparison of the Roman Empires II and III

From the book a critical study of the chronology of the ancient world. Antiquity. Volume 1. Author Postnikov Mikhail Mikhailovich

§ 1. Comparison of the Roman Empire II and III Introduction The Roman Empire, actually founded by the Sulla and continued by Julia Caesar and Octavian, survived the heavy crisis after the Caracalla, which led to her almost complete collapse. For the convenience of references, we will call this period.

Chapter XXVII. The names "secular" and initiative names

From the book of initiation notes by Geon René

Chapter XXVII. The names are "secular" and the initiative names earlier we talked about various secrets more or less external order, which may exist in certain organizations, initiative or other, and mentioned among other mystery relating to the names of their members; on

Chapter XXVII. The names "secular" and initiative names

From the book Symbolism of the Cross (Collection) by Geon René

2. 2. 1. Names of Roman emperors

Author

2. 2. 1. The names of the Roman emperors 1. (RI) - a list of the names of the emperors Rome, starting with Romulus (753 BC) and ending with Emperor Leopold Habsburg (1705 N. e.). In this The list is consistently included all the well-known names of all emperors and actual rulers of the royal Rome

2. 2. 2. The names of the Roman dads

From the Book of Empire - II [With Illustrations] Author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

2. 2. 2. The names of the Roman Dad 2. (P1) - the list of names of the Roman dads until 1950. This list includes the names of all PAP and Antipap Rome since the Apostle Peter. The list of names of the Roman dads is divided by chapters for 10 years. The list was composed by A. Makarov, according to.

2. 2. 3. Nationality of Roman dads

From the Book of Empire - II [With Illustrations] Author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

2. 2. 3. Nationalities of the Roman Dad 3. (P2) - a list of national dads of Roman dads until 1950. This list is also compiled as well as the list of names of Roman dads, but only instead of names taken data on origin (for example, "Roman" , "French", "Genoese", etc.). Thus, as

2. 2. Conjugate names and names-peers. Mathematical formalism

From the Book of Empire - II [With Illustrations] Author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

2. 2. Conjugate names and names-peers. Mathematical formalism Following the method described in the previous section, consider the probabilistic scheme of randomly equilibly selection with the return of two names from the list x and determine the random value of s - separation

Three days of "Roman Vacation"

From the Book of the Mystic Ancient Rome. Secrets, legends, legends Author Burlak Vadim Nikolaevich

Three days of the Roman Vacation at Rome there is a charm that is difficult to determine and which belongs only to him alone. Tested the power of this charm understand each other with a half-clow; For others it is a mystery. Some naively admit that it is not clear to them

Muslim names (Islamic names)

From the book full of the history of Islam and Arab conquest Author Popov Alexander

Muslim names (Islamic names) Choice of the name of course, loving mother and father want to give the child the most beautiful and decent name. But in any religion it is difficult. In the Islamic world there are certain rules that determine the choice of names. In agreement with

Poison on roman hills

From the book 200 of the famous poisoning by Anzushkin Igor

Poison on the Roman hills in the first arch of Roman laws for killing with the help of poison was assumed to be the death penalty. But in the famous laws of the XII tables (451-450 BC. E.) Already left the loophole for the Emirates: "If anyone speaks of a poison, then it should add whether he is harmful or

§52. List of Roman bishops and Roman emperors for the first three centuries

From the book, Donikia Christianity (100 - 325 in P. χ.) author Shaff Philip

§52. List of Roman Bishops and Roman Emperors for the first three century years Pope Emperors Years August 27 to P. X. Tiberius 14 - 37 by P. X. Caligula Claudius 37 - 41 41 - 54? 42 -67 Apostle Peter Neron 54 - 68 (63 - 64)? 67 - 79 Presbyter Lin Galba, Oton, Vytelly 68 -

Guard Roman Pop

From the book of the calendar of an antirefyoznik for 1941 The author Mikhnevich D. E.

The Guard of Roman Dads Jesuit is called the members of the "Jesus Society" - the Catholic demion of the organization arising from the XVI century. "I rather agree to perish than I do something against Jesuits, the only support of my throne; May the world will die better than fall

12. Here is the source of Izmail, the son of Abrahamov, who gave birth to Abraham Agar Egyptian, servant Sarrina; 13. And here are the names of the sons of Izmailov, their names according to the genealogies of them: the firstborn of Izmailov Navaiof, behind him Kedar, Audbeel, Mivisam, 14. Mishma, Duma, Massa, 15. Hadad, Fema, Ietur, Nafish and Kedma. 16. these are the sons

From the book of the Clean Bible. Volume 1. Author Lopukhin Alexander

12. Here is the source of Izmail, the son of Abrahamov, who gave birth to Abraham Agar Egyptian, servant Sarrina; 13. And here are the names of the sons of Izmailov, their names according to the genealogies of them: the firstborn of Izmailov Navaiof, behind him Kedar, Audbeel, Mivisam, 14. Mishma, Duma, Massa, 15. Hadad, Fema, Ietur, Nafish and Kedma.

The list of Roman dads buried in St. Peter's Cathedral. The marble plate at the entrance to the sacristia in the Cathedral of St. Peter in the Vatican list of Roman dads, broken through periods, with annotations and indication of the periods of the Board. Note: only in 384 ... ... Wikipedia

- ... Wikipedia

- (Lat. Connection) The merger of the confessions of the Orthodox and Catholic, and, on the one hand, is recognized as the head of the Pope, purgatory, the foundation of St. Spirit and from the Son, on the other hand, the white clergy and worship is allowed in their native language, with ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Bibliography of theological literature - Bibliography [from Greek. βιβλίον Book and γράφΩ I write] theological literature, information on publications related to the complex of scientific theological disciplines. The term "bibliography" appeared in DR. Greece initially meant "rewriting books." ... ... Orthodox encyclopedia

- (Belor. Belarusian priests) were formed in the context of the pan-European process. The oldest of them are dated to the end of the XIV beginning of the XV century, when the territory of Belarus was part of the Grand Duch of Lithuanian Polyethnic and ... ... Wikipedia

- (Latin Patrology) Collection of works of Latin-speaking Christian authors, including 217 huge volumes, the first part of the "full course of patrology" (Patrologiae Cursus Completus), the second part of the Patrologia Graca. Published by Abbot Mine ... ... Wikipedia

- (from λιτός common and εργον item) The name of the most important of Christian worship services, which is, although not in the same form and the meaning, in all Christian religions and expressing the main ideas of the Christian world and main goals ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron